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NAME & PERIOD:_______________________________Chapter 15 Study Guide: Due Monday (4/13) Test Tuesday (4/14) Section 1 1. On Darwin’s voyage, what was interesting about the tortoises on the different islands? The tortoise was native to 7 of the 19 Galapagos Islands. Shell size and shape vary between populations. On islands with low vegetation, tortoises have short necks and domed shells. On islands with tall vegetation, tortoises have long necks and saddle-like shells. Why would there be predominantly different variations of tortoise on different islands? 2. In order to better understand what was going on, Darwin observed artificial selection which is … Darwin’s term for the selective breeding of organisms selected for certain traits in order to produce offspring and have those traits (i.e. breeding dogs, cattle, crops, pigeons). 3. What is natural selection? What are the four principles (include descriptions). Natural select ion is the theory of evolution developed by Darwin, based on four ideas: Excessive reproduction- population produces more offspring than can survive- better chances for more beneficial variations to arise NAME & PERIOD:_______________________________Chapter 15 Study Guide: Due Monday (4/13) Test Tuesday (4/14) Variations- differences between individuals in a population (ie tall or short, ear lobe attached unattached) Inheritance- variations can be passed on to the next generation Advantages of specific traits in an environment- “survival of the fittest” some traits allow the organism to live and have more offspring than an organism that does not have them 4. Give an example of natural selection (include the principles in your description). Species: Unideer Overproduction: unideer have many children in hopes of creating a variation that helps each new generation survive Variations: soft hooves, hard hooves Reproductive Advantage: unideer population had to scale a mountain, soft hooves fell off and died (contributed no offspring to the next generation), hard hooves survived and their trait had the highest fitness Section 2 5. How do fossils help support the theory of evolution? The kinds of animals and plants found as fossils change through time. The fossil record can document the transition from one species to another (ex- fossil showing feathers of modern birds and teeth and bony tails of reptiles). 6. How do homologous structures help support the theory of evolution? NAME & PERIOD:_______________________________Chapter 15 Study Guide: Due Monday (4/13) Test Tuesday (4/14) The structures are anatomically similar but may not have the same function (such as a human arm and a porpoise fin). Their similarity suggests a common ancestor. 7. How do vestigial structures help support the theory of evolution? Vestigial structures are reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms (i.e. a kiwi has wings, but they are too small to be used for anything). Provides support for shared ancestry and evolution. 8. Why do analogous structures NOT imply shared ancestry? Analogous structures can be used for the same purpose and be superficially similar in construction (i.e. eagle wing and beetle wing) but are not inherited from a common ancestor. 9. How does comparative embryology help support the theory of evolution? Vertebrate embryos exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development but become totally different structures in the adult forms. 10. How does biochemistry help support the theory of evolution? Molecules in species with a recent common ancestor should share certain ancient amino acid sequences. The more closely related a species, the greater the number of sequences that will be shared. 11. How does geographic distribution help support the theory of evolution? NAME & PERIOD:_______________________________Chapter 15 Study Guide: Due Monday (4/13) Test Tuesday (4/14) Animals could evolve similar adaptations to similar environments but are not closely related. 12. (True/False) Adaptations are positive changes and increase a species’ fitness. TRUE 13. Compare and contrast camouflage and mimicry. Camouflage and mimicry are both types of adaptations. Camouflage helps a species to blend in with their environment. Mimicry allows one species to evolve to resemble another species. Section 3 14. List the 5 mechanisms of evolution and write a brief description of each. Genetic drift- change in allelic frequencies in a population as a result of chance (i.e. founder effect, bottleneck) Nonrandom mating- organisms mate for desirable traits, out of convenience, close proximity Mutation- random change in genetic material, may result in harmful, helpful, or no change in traits Gene flow- migration, animals/plants moving between populations, increases genetic variation, decreases differences between populations Natural selection- 15. Compare and contrast founder effect and bottleneck. NAME & PERIOD:_______________________________Chapter 15 Study Guide: Due Monday (4/13) Test Tuesday (4/14) Both are examples of genetic drift. The founder effect occurs when a small sample of a population settles in a locations separated from the rest of the population. A bottleneck occurs when a population declines to a very low number and then rebounds (like after a natural disaster). 16. What are the four types of natural selection? Draw a graph for three of them and explain what is going on in the graph. Stabilizing, directional, disruptive, sexual Stabilizing- both extremes selected against Directional- one extreme selected against Disruptive- mean selected against