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Chapter 16 Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning Chapter overview The cognitive developmental approach Piaget’s Influence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development Critiques of Kohlberg’s theory A comparison between Piaget and Kohlberg Piaget Kohlberg A two-stage model A three-level, six-stage model Progression from heteronomous moral reasoning Progression from preconventional morality to to Conventional morality Autonomous moral reasoning to Postconventional morality Piaget’s two-stages of moral reasoning Stage 1: Stage 2: Heteronomous moral reasoning Autonomous moral reasoning strict adherence to rules and duties consider rules critically obedience to authority selectively apply rules rules are fixed and absolute based on goals of mutual respect & cooperation Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning Level 1: Preconventional or premoral morality Stage 1: Stage 2: Obedience and punishment orientation Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange Level 2: Conventional or role conformity morality Stage 3: Stage 4: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity Social system and conscience (Good-boy/good-girl orientation) (authority and social-order maintaining) Level 3: Postconventional or principled morality Stage 5: Stage 6: Social contract or utility and individual rights Universal ethical principles Critiques of Kohlberg’s theory Methodological concerns Invariance of sequence of stages Cross-cultural universality Gilligan’s critique of ‘justice reasoning’ Relationship between moral reasoning and action Components of moral behaviour (Rest, 1983; 1986) 1. Moral sensitivity (interpretation of the situation) 2. Moral judgement (what ought to be done in the situation) 3. Moral motivation (selection of a value or domain or motive) 4. Moral character (execution & implementation of intention - as conceptualised in terms of #3)