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8/22/2014 DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION A Darwinian View of Life AP BIOLOGY Chapter 22 WHO INFLUENCED DARWIN’S THINKING Linnaeus (classification) Hutton (gradual geologic change) Lamarck (species can change) Malthus (population limits) Cuvier (fossils, extinction) Lyell (modern geology) Darwin (evolution, nutural selection) Mendel (inheritance) American Revolution 1750 French Revolution Wallace (evolution, natural selection) U.S. Civil War 1800 1850 1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism. 1900 1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.” 1809 Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1831–1836 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle. 1837 Darwin begins his notebooks on the origin of species. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on the origin of species. 1858 Wallace sends his theory to Darwin. 1859 The Origin of Species is published. 1865 Mendel publishes inheritance papers. Figure 22.2 Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Image from: Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg Aristotle- (384-322 B.C.) • Founder of TAXONOMY-1735 Science of grouping & naming Species are fixed (unchanging) BUT recognized similarities • Sought to discover order in the diversity of life “for the greater glory of God” (1707-1778) • Each creature was specialNO evolutionary link • Devised classification system based on morphology (form and structure) Arranged life forms on a scale of increasing complexity Binomial Nomenclature: Naming system that gives organisms a two part scientific name- Genus species Still used today scala natura“scale of nature” http://www.kheper.net/topics/greatchainofbeing/index.html LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM Nested hierarchy Taxon = classification unit to which organisms are assigned Ex: Panthera is a taxon at the genus level Mammalia is a taxon at the class level Kidspiration by Riedell Image Sources: see end of show http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/d/d6/150px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo.svg.png 1 8/22/2014 Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach Kings Play Chess On Fat Green Stools King Phillip Cried Oh For Goodness Sake! Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg Genus and species assignments provide 2 part scientific name Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus of bears) Ursus americanis SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear http://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gif http://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg Modern Taxonomy has added more Kingdoms AND more levels (DOMAINS) Linneaus only used 2 kingdoms (Plants & Animals) Domains are larger than Kingdoms and are based on the differences in ribosomal RNA Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/TaylorIMMc03.htm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Georges_Cuvier.jpg George Cuvier – Father of Paleontology ANTI-EVOLUTONIST Fossils are remains of extinct life forms “CATASTROPHISM” boundaries represent floods, droughts, etc. that destroyed many species living at that time 1795 –James Hutton “GRADUALISM” Profound changes can result from cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes Proposed that the Earth was shaped by geological forces occurring over very long periods of time, and is MILLIONS not THOUSANDS of years old. 2 8/22/2014 Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: MODERN GEOLOGY 1833-Charles Lyell Incorporated Hutton’s ideas into “UNIFORMITARIANISM” Geological processes that shaped Earth are still operating at same rate. Darwin read his book on the Beagle voyage http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/animate/A08.gif http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jpg Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Thomas Malthus (1798) wrote essay on population growth Human suffering (disease, famine, homelessness, and war) are consequences to human population increasing faster than food and other resources http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) One of first scientists to recognize that living things changed over time and that all species were descended from other species. 1809- Published his ideas about “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics” the year Darwin was born http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/ INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS The male fiddler crab uses its front claw to attract mates and ward off predators. What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis? Lamarck didn’t know about genes and how traits are inherited. “USE or DISUSE” = Use it or lose it Through repeated use, the front claw becomes larger. The fiddler passes on this acquired characteristic to its offspring Acquired traits are not passed on to offspring Or are they? . . . New field of EPIGENETICS is exploring this 3 8/22/2014 What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis? Lamarck was first to develop a scientific hypothesis about evolution and recognize that organisms are adapted to their environment http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~he599900/giraffeeating.jpg Who Was Charles Darwin? Slide by Kim Foglia@ http://www.explorebiology.com/ Who Was Charles Darwin? In 1831, 22-year old Charles Darwin left England as naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle for 5 year voyage around the world. Darwin spent a month observing life on the Galapagos Islands Mission: Chart the South American coastline Each island has different rainfall Darwin noticed plants and animals were different from those he knew in Europe Wrote thousands of pages of observations and collected vast number of specimens http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/explorers_history/HMS_Beagle.jpg and vegetation and its own unique assortment of plant and animal species. Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 http://mikebaird.com/ecuador/images/galapagos_off_ecuador_ng_map.jpg Who Was Charles Darwin? Although animals on Galapagos resemble species on the South American mainland, many species were found no where else in the world = ENDEMIC http://www.darwinadventure.com/pictures/galapagos_giantortoise.jpg http://www.destination360.com/south-america/ecuador/galapagos-animals.php http://www.photoseek.com/galapago.html DARWIN’S FINCHES Darwin collected 14 species of finches and hypothesized that the Galapagos had be colonized by organisms from the mainland that had then diversified on the various 4 8/22/2014 Who Was Charles Darwin? After Darwin returned to England in 1836, he spent years examining specimens he brought back from voyage and filling notebooks with his ideas. He did not rush to publish his ideas because they disagreed with the fundamental scientific views of his day. In 1858 Alfred Russel Wallace, another Naturalist working in the West Indies, wrote an essay describing his work that summarized the same ideas Darwin had been thinking about for 25 years! In 1844 he wrote an essay describing his ideas and asked his wife to publish it if he died. http://www.elsie.brandeis.edu/images/journals.gif Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish the results of his work! http://www.thesecondevolution.com/wallace&darwin.jpg Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin Presents his Case In 1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection presented evidence and proposed a mechanism for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg Isn’t evolution “just a theory”? In every day usage “theory” often refers to a hunch or a speculation. When people say, “I have a theory about what happened,” they are often drawing a conclusion based on fragmentary or inconclusive evidence. The formal scientific definition of “theory” is quite different from the every day meaning. It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evohome.htm Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Isn’t evolution just a theory? In Science a theory is a well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world. Example: Cell theory Atomic theory Gravitational theory http://www.avgoe.de/StarChild/DOCS/STARCH00/questions/apple_falling.gif http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/chemistry/atomic_structure2/atom.gif 5 8/22/2014 VOCAB ADAPTATION- Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival http://www.wildlife-traps.com/skunks.html http://www.atomtigerzoo.com/photos/images/20060421233733_duckfeet.jpg WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? OVERPRODUCTION of OFFSPRING Capacity to over-reproduce seems characteristic of all species. http://www.biospheres.com/photogallery2ag/images/ladybugs_jpg.jpg http://www.3kitty.org/travelrama/Photos/123-21-4x6.jpg http://atthecreation.com/DEER/too.many.deer.jpg WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? STRUGGLE FOR EXISTANCE means that members of each species must compete for food, space, and other resources. WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? GENETIC VARIATION is found naturally in all populations Image from www.biologyzone.com http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/primary/zebra-herd.jpg http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Some organisms in a population are less likely to survive. http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rrs/lowres/rrsn69l.jpg VOCAB Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment = FITNESS http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan170l.jpg 6 8/22/2014 WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST = Organisms which are better adapted to their environment tend to produce more offspring than organisms without those traits. WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? Over time, NATURAL SELECTION results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species’ fitness in its environment. How Does Evolution Really Work? http://www.poster.net/bedard/bed202.jpg IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER ! •POPULATIONS evolve NOT INDIVIDUALS. •NATURAL SELECTION only works on heritable traits. •A trait that is favorable in one environment may be useless or detrimental in another. http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg http://www.fx.clemson.edu/~ablank/126436919.Broccoli.jpg http://www.butterball.com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving1.jpg THINK ABOUT IT What do oranges, broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with EVOLUTION? WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY? DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION suggests that each species has descended with changes from other species over time. This idea suggests that all living species are related to each other and that all species, living and extinct, share a common ancestor. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION: selection 1. Artificial ________________ Fossil record 2. ________________ Geographic Distribution 3. _______________ Anatomical homologies 4. _______________ Embryology 5. _______________ Molecular homologies 6. _______________ see Natural selection happen 7. Can _______________ (Answers to come in this slide show!) 7 8/22/2014 ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS WE’VE DONE IT WITH PLANTS Nature provides the variation through mutation and sexual reproduction and humans select those traits that they find useful EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk, turkeys with more breast meat, etc. http://www.pp3moo.com/hm2cow.jpg http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/turkey.gif BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece Prentice Hall Publishing©2005 WE’VE DONE IT WITH ANIMALS If humans can select for beneficial traits, why can’t nature? If artificial selection can achieve so much change in relatively short time, why can’t major changes happen over thousands of generations? http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg http://www.fx.clemson.edu/~ablank/126436919.Broccoli.jpg http://www.butterball.com/en/images/plan_n_prep/preparing/carving1.jpg THINK ABOUT IT Now you know what broccoli and Butterball turkeys have to do with evolution! (Answers about oranges to come in this slide show!) http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/dogs_sm.jpg How Do We Know Evolution Happens? The Fossil Record provides evidence that organisms have changed over time. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/img/bifossils.gif If evolution has happened, we should be able to find evidence of evolution in the fossil record AND WE HAVE ! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tiktaalik_BW.jpg BBC Tiktaalik video http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/lines/IAtransitional.shtml 8 8/22/2014 Lots of TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS have been found http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction.jpg TIK-TAALIK Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods • Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers • Earliest fish with a neck • Discovered by Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler in 2004 Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107 http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION = BIOGEOGRAPHY GALAPAGOS FINCHES If Darwin’s theory is correct you would expect to find closely related yet different species living in a geographic region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve. That’s EXACTLY what we do see! The beaks of Galapagos finches have adapted to eating a variety of foods http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm GALAPAGOS TORTOISES If Darwin’s theory is correct you would also expect to find different species living in far apart geographic regions but similar habitats becoming more alike as they adapt to similar environments. Intermediate vegetation Intermediate necks Little vegetation Long necks Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher©2006 Lots of vegetation Short necks That’s EXACTLY what we do see! Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different islands. = DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION 9 8/22/2014 BOTH LIVE IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.JPG Adapted to similar environments, but evolved independently from different ancestors. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm SUGAR GLIDER in Australia is a marsupial more closely related to Kangaroos than North American FLYING SQUIRRELS because its ancestors were marsupials. Whales and sharks have a similar body design even though they are very different organisms (one is a fish; the other, a mammal) because they have independently adapted to living in a similar environment. = CONVERGENT EVOLUTION HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURESForelimbs of all mammals share same arrangement of bones that can be traced to same embryological origin EVOLUTION explains why certain characteristics in related species have an Section 15-3 underlying similarity. Turtle Alligator Bird Mammal Ancient lobe-finned fish BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece Prentice Hall Publishing©2005 amnion /am·ni·on/ (am´ne-on) bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid VESTIGIAL ORGANS Some homologous structures are vestigial and have no useful function even though they are still present. Examples: Hipbones and pelvis in whales and boa constrictors Cecum (appendix) in humans Skink legs http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html 10 8/22/2014 Most mammals have a pouch between their small and large intestine that contains bacteria to digest plants called a cecum. EMBRYOLOGY Development of vertebrate embryos follows same path In humans the cecum is shrunken and unused. It is our appendix Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif Same groups of undifferentiated cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, suggesting that they all evolved from a common ancestor. Why grow a tail and then lose it? HUMAN EMBRYO has a tail at 4 weeks which disappears at 8 weeks Pharyngeal pouches become gills in fish, parts of throat/ears in humans Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm Nonfunctional legs in skinks Why would an organism possess organs without function? Why would an organism grow a part and then discard it? If organisms evolved from ancestors in which that part functioned, the gene code to make the part would still be there even though it doesn’t work. If the organ is not vital to survival, then natural selection would not cause its elimination. http://www.suite101.com/files/topics/6234/files/tail_HumanTail.gif MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES • All life forms share same genetic machinery (DNA & RNA) • Universal genetic code • Important genes share highly conserved sequences http://www.medicalgeo.com/images/appendix.gif 11 8/22/2014 Similarities in protein sequences suggests similarities in DNA MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES Similarities in DNA and protein sequences suggest relatedness Image from: Modern Biology by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes Similarities in karyotypes suggest an evolutionary relationship Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt. Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005 Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes Even differences show relatedness Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t have Humans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have. Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt. 2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE → Remember: Protective TELOMERE sequences found at ends of chromosomes → http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html Human chromosome is only human chromosome that has telomere sequences at the ends BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. → http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm 12 8/22/2014 EXTRA CENTROMERE _________________ Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromere region . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. BANDING PATTERN MATCHES ________________________ If you take the two smaller chromosomes they have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to human chromosome #2 → Which chromosomes? http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm Why don’t dogs and cats need to eat fresh fruit, but you do? Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own vitamin C, but humans can’t make vitamin C. Without fresh fruit, humans end up with scurvy. http://www.naturescornermagazine.com/NaturesBlog/images/dog%20care%20in%20summer.jpg http://www.alpo.com/where.aspx Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make vitamin C, but it is nonfunctional. Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C? http://www.med.uc.edu/departme/cellbiol/Image7.gif http://www.rachelleb.com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy.jpg PSEUDOGENES are vestigial genes. EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are nonfunctional. PRIMATES… which includes chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and other apes. http://www.animationplayhouse.com/new/dogs2.html http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg http://unraveling.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1.jpg 13 8/22/2014 BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece We can see Natural selection happen Slide by Kim Foglia@ http://www.explorebiology.com/ BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece We can see Natural selection happen Can see Natural selection happen EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and new diseases. Bird flu _______ http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif HIV ___ Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis __________________________ Why does evolution matter now? http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg Researchers have developed numerous drugs to combat HIV PEPPERED MOTH – But using these medications selects for viruses resistant to the drugs Patient No. 1 Patient No. 2 Patient No. 3 Weeks Graph from BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece Data from Kim Foglia @ www.biologyzone.com 14 8/22/2014 Slide by Kim [email protected] Slide from Kim [email protected] PBS EVOLUTION VIDEO CLIPS • • Isn’t Evolution Just a Theory? QuickTime • • Who was Charles Darwin? QuickTime • • How Do we Know Evolution Happens? QuickTime • • How Does Evolution Really Work? QuickTime | • • Why Does Evolution Matter Now? QuickTime • • Why is Evolution Controversial Anyway? QuickTime http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm Image Sources http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html http://www.gifs.net http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/ http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif http://www.gifs.net http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg http://www.drtoy.com/news/ http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif 15