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Section 1. Overview of Climate Change and Forest Carbon 1.4. Theoretical and practical challenges for forest-based climate mitigation USAID LEAF Regional Climate Change Curriculum Development Module: Carbon Measurement and Monitoring (CMM) Name Affiliation Name Affiliation Deborah Lawrence, Co-lead University of Virginia Megan McGroddy, Co-lead University of Virginia Bui The Doi, Co-lead Vietnam Forestry University Ahmad Ainuddin Nuruddin Universiti Putra Malaysia Prasit Wang, Co-lead Chiang Mai University, Thailand Mohd Nizam Said Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Sapit Diloksumpun Kasetsart University, Thailand Pimonrat Tiansawat Chiang Mai University, Thailand Pasuta Sunthornhao Kasetsart University, Thailand Panitnard Tunjai Chiang Mai University, Thailand Wathinee Suanpaga Kasetsart University, Thailand Lawong Balun University of Papua New Guinea Jessada Phattralerphong Kasetsart University, Thailand Mex Memisang Peki PNG University of Technology Pham Minh Toai Vietnam Forestry University Kim Soben Royal University of Agriculture, Cambodia Nguyen The Dzung Vietnam Forestry University Pheng Sokline Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia Nguyen Hai Hoa Vietnam Forestry University Seak Sophat Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia Le Xuan Truong Vietnam Forestry University Choeun Kimseng Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia Phan Thi Quynh Nga Vinh University, Vietnam Rajendra Shrestha Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand Erin Swails Winrock International Ismail Parlan FRIM Malaysia Sarah Walker Winrock International Nur Hajar Zamah Shari FRIM Malaysia Sandra Brown Winrock International Samsudin Musa FRIM Malaysia Karen Vandecar US Forest Service Ly Thi Minh Hai USAID LEAF Vietnam Geoffrey Blate US Forest Service David Ganz USAID LEAF Bangkok Chi Pham USAID LEAF Bangkok I II III OVERVIEW: CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST CARBON 1.1 Overview: Tropical Forests and Climate Change 1.2 Tropical forests, the global carbon cycle and climate change 1.3 Role of forest carbon and forests in global climate negotiations 1.4 Theoretical and practical challenges for forest-based climate mitigation FOREST CARBON STOCKS AND CHANGE 2.1 Overview of forest carbon pools (stocks) 2.2 Land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) and CO2 emissions and sequestration 2.3 Overview of Forest Carbon Measurement and Monitoring 2.4 IPCC approach for carbon measurement and monitoring 2.5 Reference levels – Monitoring against a baseline (forest area, forest emissions) 2.6 Establishing Lam Dong’s Reference Level for Provincial REDD+ Action Plan : A Case Study CARBON MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING DESIGN 3.1 IV V Considerations in developing a monitoring system CARBON STOCK MEASUREMENT METHODS 4.1 Forest Carbon Measurement and Monitoring 4.2 Design of field sampling framework for carbon stock inventory 4.3 Plot Design for Carbon Stock Inventory 4.4 Forest Carbon Field Measurement Methods 4.5 Carbon Stock Calculations and Available Tools 4.6 Creating Activity Data and Emission Factors 4.7 Carbon Emission from Selective Logging 4.8 Monitoring non-CO2 GHGs NATIONAL SCALE MONITORING SYSTEMS • • • History of UNFCCC Including forests Mitigation and other benefits Lecture (60 minutes) Why include forests in UN agreements? Overview of REDD+ Challenges to achieving REDD+ Classroom activity (25 minutes) At the end of the session, learners will be able to: Distinguish the types of activities that make up REDD+ Explain the major philosophical and practical challenges to achieving REDD+ Define the major stakeholders who have a role to play in decisions about forest resource management “20% of the problem must be 20% of the solution” An opportunity to cut global CO2 emissions significantly, quickly, and relatively inexpensively REDD+ and other programs involve both developing and developed nations. Developed nations: contributing technological capacity and funding. Developing nations: finding alternative paths that allow them to develop economically while protecting their forest resources Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs): First developed in the Bali Road Map in 2007. Different countries will choose different actions. Developed nations will supply both financial and technological support Developing nations: act to reduce GHG emissions while achieving development goals NAMAs (vary by country): some potential actions would include progressive reduction in oil subsidies, poverty reduction through promotion of alternative income to reduce illegal logging exploit more fully a country’s renewable energy resources, especially geothermal and wind Reducing Emissions from: 1. Deforestation 2. Degradation 3. Conservation 4. Sustainable forest management 5. Enhancing carbon stocks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0WeGw3h2yU#t=28 + Important to understand the drivers of deforestation Common drivers are conversion to industrial and small scale crop production or pasture Important to focus on reducing areas of forests actually cleared Intensify crop and cattle production per unit area of land Deforestation vs Cattle and Soybean Production in Brazil Degradation reductions can come from improved forest management/ logging methods Protection from other factors, such as fire Forests that are degraded are less resistant to other stresses such as drought or disease Supporting the protection of intact (and not currently threatened) forest resources in developing countries . Allows the participation of countries with low historical rates of deforestation Countries with low historical rates of deforestation are considered at risk if deforestation activities are reduced in other tropical countries and this is one way to help avoid this unintended consequence Improving the technical capacity for forest management in developing countries Encouraging and supporting the development of more efficient forest management Forestry techniques, such as reduced impact logging (RIL), better plantation forestry where appropriate Increasing the amount of carbon stored in forest biomass and forest soils through a variety of techniques (afforestation/ reforestation) 1. Leakage 2. Additionality 3. Permanence 4. Governance 5. Equity Leakage refers to the fact that while deforestation might be avoided in one place, the deforestation might move to i) another area of forest or ii) to a different country. Levels of leakage - International - Intra-national Start of a forest protection project Area A Area B Total Before Ongoing deforestation and degradation Undisturbed forests CO2 emissions After Deforestation and degradation reduced Deforestation and CO2 emissions degradation commence Change Emissions reduced Emissions increased No change International carbon leakage from REDD occurs when forest conservation in one country directly or indirectly leads to deforestation in another country. Leakage occurs when the scale of intervention is smaller than the scale of the overall problem (Wunder, 2009). …leads to increased logging in Champasack E.g. A logging ban in Savannakhet… Leakage within national boundaries can be reported under a national carbon accounting system. Many REDD+ programs will start with projects at the subnational level and the potential for intra-national leakage is a concern Emission level Project reduction Additionality can be defined as whether an emissions reduction or removal would have occurred in the absence of the activity in question. Baseline and Additionality Reduction s Project emissions Time Start of Project Carbon sequestered in the terrestrial biosphere is not permanently removed from the atmosphere, and is at constant risk of being returned through deforestation, whether intentional or not (Palmer 2011) Who is liable (who pays the price) when a protected carbon pool is lost? For example from deforestation, disease or fire? Does the liability belong to the developed nation or industry which bought the carbon credit which no longer exists? Is the national or local government or who ever received the payment responsible? Success of the REDD+ program requires good, efficient and transparent governance of the forest resources Areas of concern: • accounting of additionality (the actual effect of programs), • accurate and honest measurements of carbon pools, and • fair distribution of benefits Who benefits, who pays a cost and who makes the decisions about forest management? Costs and benefits are not only those that can be thought of in terms of economics Equality Equity National, regional and local government agencies Local and/or indigenous people who live in or depend on the forests for products or their livelihood International partners or those who are purchasing carbon credits based on forest carbon pool protection Role play Students draw a name of an interested party Explain how you (in your role you have just drawn) use the forest and why you have a right to a voice in the decisions related to management of forests Distributive equity is concerned with the allocation among stakeholders of costs, risks and benefits resulting from environmental policy or resource management decisions, and therefore represents primarily (but not exclusively) the economic dimensions of equity or the equitable distribution of benefits. Procedural equity refers to fairness in the political processes that allocate resources and resolve disputes. It involves representation, recognition/inclusion, voice and participation in decision-making Reasons to include forests in UN Climate Change agreements Individual activities of REDD+ Immediate and cost effective first step in global GHG emission reductions Allows both developed and non-developed countries to contribute Deforestation Degradation Conservation Sustainable Management Enhancing Carbon Stocks Challenges to implementing REDD+ Leakage Permanence Governance Equity Palmer. 2011. Property rights and liability for deforestation under REDD+: Implications for ‘permanence’ in policy design. Ecological Economics 70: 571-576 Wunder. 2009. Can payments for environmental services reduce deforestation and forest degradation? In: Angelsen, A., et al. (Ed.), Realising REDD+: National Strategy and Policy Options. Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, pp. 213– 224. Chapter 17. UCS 2011. Drivers of deforestation: How Leakage shifts Tropical Deforestation Around the Globe. Fact Sheet Korhonen-Kurki et al. 2012. Multiple levels and multiple challenges for REDD+ in Angelson et al. editors. Analysing REDD+ Challenges and Choices Palmer. 2011. Property rights and liability for deforestation under REDD+: Implications for ‘permanence’ in policy design. Ecological Economics 70: 571-576 REDD platform of the UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/methods/redd/redd_web_platform/items/4531.php World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/what-redd Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) resources on REDD+, for example http://www.cifor.org/online-library/browse/viewpublication/publication/3805.html What is REDD? Video from The REDD Desk https://youtu.be/D0WeGw3h2yU