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Life Science NJ ASK Review 8th Grade Science Animal vs. Plant Cell • Determine the similarities and differences. Animal • Lysosomes • Many small vacuoles • Nucleus is usually in the center • Rounded vs. Plant • Chloroplasts • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Cell Walls • ER • Rough • One Large Central Vacuole • Smooth • Vacuoles • Nucleus usually pushed to • Nucleus • Nuclear Membrane the side • Cell Membrane • Usually rectangular(ish) • Cytoplasm • Golgi Apparatus What is a food chain? • A food chain is “a sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next, lower member of the sequence as a food source1” Important facts about food chains • In a food chain each organism obtains energy from the one at the level below. • Plants are called producers because they create their own food through photosynthesis • Animals are consumers because they cannot create their own food, they must eat plants or other animals to get the energy that they need. Four types of consumer • Herbivores: animals that eat only plants • Carnivores: animals that eat only other animals. • Omnivores: animals that eat animals and plants. • Detritivores: Animals that eat dead materials and organic wastes Other Ways to Classify Consumers 1. Primary Consumers: Herbivores. 2. Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat herbivores. 3. Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat other carnivores. Identify the producer, one primary consumer, one secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer. Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Primary Consumers Producer Hierarchy of Biological Classification Six Kingdoms Hierarchy of Biological Classification An easy way to remember… King = Kingdom Philip = Phylum Came = Class Over = Order For = Family Good = Genus Soup = Species • Which taxonomic group includes all the other groups? Kingdom • Human beings are most closely related to other animals that are in the same ________________. Species Organization of Living Organisms Cells -basic unit of an animal’s structure -become specialized _______________________________ Tissues -made of cells that work together to perform a specific function __________________________________________ Organs -made of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function ____________________________________________________ Organ Systems -made of organs that work together to perform a specific function _____________________________________________________________ Organisms Genetics - What are traits? • Physical Traits – Can be seen by others Eye color, hair color, height, left handed – Examples: • Acquired Traits – Learned skills – Examples: Playing a sport, riding a bike, playing a musical instrument • Behavioral Traits – Instinctual actions – Examples: Nest building and migration • Genotype Genetics The genotype is the specific genetic makeup of an individual, usually in the form of DNA. It codes for the phenotype of the individual. • Phenotype An individual’s observable traits. What people can SEE when they look at you • Allele Different forms of a gene, which produce variations of a genetically inherited trait. • An individual with non-identical alleles of a gene is heterozygous for that gene – Examples: Bb, Tt, Aa • An individual with identical alleles of a gene is homozygous gene – Examples: BB or bb, TT or tt for that Terms Used in Modern Genetics • A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor is called dominant • A genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor is called recessive • An allele is dominant if its effect masks the effect of a recessive allele paired with it – Capital letters (A) signify dominant alleles; lowercase letters (a) signify recessive alleles – Homozygous dominant (AA) – Homozygous recessive (aa) – Heterozygous (Aa) Generation 1 B B b b In this case we have a dad with black fur and a mother with white fur. Because black is the dominant gene, we write it with a capital ‘B’. White fur is a recessive trait. It is written with a lowercase ‘b’. It does not matter what letter we choose to represent a gene, but capital letter is always dominant and lowercase is always recessive. Tongue Curling T=can curl T=cannot curl T t T T Copy into your notebook and complete the Punnett’s Square. What percentage of offspring will be able to curl their tongue?