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How Evolution Generates “Endless Forms, Most Beautiful” Part 1: Improbable Foundations Marc Presler Peter Yang Elizabeth Brown Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons, User: Holek, Iietunic, LadyOfHats What’s in store… Part 1: Improbable Foundations Marc Presler Part 2: Evolution and Development Peter Yang Part 3: Human Genetics and Evolution Elizabeth Brown Evolution The common ancestor Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons, User: Holek, Shyama, Andreas Plank “There is grandeur in this view of life... that from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” -Charles Darwin, concluding The Origin of Species Image Credit: Fair use- Kutelo Evolution: deeply counterintuitive and publically controversial… The common ancestor Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons, User: Sting. Fair Use: Reuters, Paolo Neo, Jim Mahoney Evolution: How? The common ancestor Nature follows “rules” “Water flows downhill.” Image Credit:Simon Ledingham, cc by-nc-nd B. Monginoux, Grozdanov, ImagesFromBulgaria.com, freeaussiestock.com, Hans Nature follows “rules” The common ancestor Image Credit: Wikimages The 4 “Rules” of Evolution • Variation Image Credit: http://okhoa.org The 4 “Rules” of Evolution • Variation • Emerge Image Credit: Fair use, Wolfman, buy.com The 4 “Rules” of Evolution • Variation • Emerge • Success The 4 “Rules” of Evolution • Variation • Emerge • Success • Pass on The 4 “Rules” of Evolution • Variation • Emerge • Success • Pass on Evolution: simply change over time • Occurs at the population level • If ANYTHING is different from one generation to the next… Emerge Mix Lose Natural Selection: When traits becomes more common because they confer specific reproductive advantages. Fitness: to Survive AND Reproduce Image Credit: Fair use, FuriousNick Evolution: simply change over time – Natural Selection, when change is more ‘fit’ • Fitness: Survive AND Reproduce Adaptations are traits that increase fitness. Not all evolution is driven by adaptation. Emerge Mix Lose Fitness is relative to environment. Image Credit: Fair use, <a href="http://public-domain.zorger.com" title="public domain images">public-domain.zorger.com</a> Members of a species compete with each other. Image Credit: free-desktop-backgrounds.net, cc- kylielovestrees Populations evolve. develop. Organisms Peter’s talk! Questions? Lose Common Descent The common ancestor Common Descent Sorry Dad! The common ancestor Common Descent Bonobo Photo Credit USAID Human Chimpanzee Photo Credit Ikiwaner Photo Credit Public Domain Liz’s Talk! Common Ancestor (6 million years ago) Evolution is reactive, not proactive • Modifying “on the shelf” technology “It is not the strongest of the species that survives…but the one most responsive to change.” – Charles Darwin Genes and evolution • Genes are what get physically passed on and modified – Variation is differences in those genes Enzymes, like lactase Codes for Hormones, like estrogen and other cellular level functions Genes and evolution • From large to small… Genes Cells Organism Photo Credit Public Domain Populations Questions? The common ancestor Genes at the population level They’re magically… scrumptious! © Lose Image Credit: Origin of Species Genes at the population level They’re magically… scrumptious! © Image Credit: http://www.wpclipart.com Genes at the population level Good morning! Genes at the population level Any change is evolution. Genes at the population level “Not all evolution is adaptive.” Lose Where are the super organisms? Image Credit: Fair use, FuriousNick Where are the super organisms? • Physical constraints Image Credit: cc by-Grozdanov, ImagesFromBulgaria.com Where are the super organisms? • Everything is always changing… • Many times it’s hard enough just to stay alive. “The Struggle of Life… “There is grandeur in this view of life... that from so simple a beginning… endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” “The Struggle of Life… the production of…animals directly follows…” “There is grandeur in this view of life... that from so simple a beginning… endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” The common ancestor Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons, User:Iietunic, LadyOfHats