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Transcript
NOTES: Ch 9 - Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy - Part 1: The Overview Overview: Life Is Work ● Living cells require ● Some animals, such as the giant panda, obtain energy by ; others feed on organisms that eat plants ● Energy flows into an ecosystem as and leaves as ● Photosynthesis generates oxygen and organic molecules, which are used in ● Cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to , 9.1 - Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP: ● The breakdown of organic molecules is ● Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs ● Cellular respiration consumes oxygen and organic molecules and Principles of Energy Harvest ● Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: Org. cmpds. + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy Chemical equation: Recall: the ATP cycle (sketch): Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction ● The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions ● This released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP REDOX REACTIONS: involve OXIDATION: (“ “) REDUCTION: (“ “) Example of REDOX: (label) Na + Cl Na+ + Cl● The electron donor is called the ● The electron receptor is called the Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration: ● During cellular respiration, the fuel (such as glucose) is oxidized and oxygen is reduced: Respiration: (copy and label chemical equation): *the transfer of electrons from 1 element to another, more electronegative element (e.g. from H to O) releases stored potential energy - - this chemical energy can be put to work! ● Glucose & other fuels are , in a series of steps ● at key steps, H atoms are stripped from glucose and passed to a coenzyme: -(this is performed by enzymes: ) (copy sample equation): Stepwise Energy Harvest via NAD+ and the Electron Transport Chain ● As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration ● Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents that is tapped to synthesize ATP ● Respiration uses an ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN to (instead of one explosive reaction) ● NADH passes the electrons to the ● Oxygen pulls electrons down the chain in an energy-yielding tumble ● The energy yielded is ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN: ● consists of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the ● NADH ● oxygen captures electrons at the “bottom” of the chain and combines with H +, SUMMARY OF ENERGY FLOW IN THE CELL: ** The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview ● Cellular respiration has three stages: 1) Glycolysis ( into two molecules of pyruvate) 2) The Citric Acid Cycle, a.k.a. Krebs Cycle ( ) 3) E.T.C. & Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis) ATP Synthesis: ● The process that generates most of the ATP is called because it is powered by redox reactions ● Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost ● A small amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by generated by cellular respiration