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Reform Movements
Test is April 16, 2015
1. By the mid 1800’s, the northern, southern, and western regions were very different. Many national
issues were decided on what was best for a region or section rather than what was best for the whole
country. This was called sectionalism.
2. The sections of the United States were different both economically and culturally. Name the
differences between the North and the South.
3. In 1804, all Northern states had outlawed slavery. The Mason-Dixon Line—the border between
Pennsylvania and Maryland—was the division between the free states and slave states.
4. Until 1819, there was an equal number of free and slave states. Then Missouri wanted to join the
Union as a slave sate. This would upset the balance. Henry Clay came up with the Missouri Compromise
admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
5. Also in the Missouri Compromise, a line was drawn on the map of all Louisiana Purchase land into
“free” territory or “slave” territory.
6. In 1828, sectionalism became a serious issue. Congress passes a high tax or tariff on imports. This
economically helps the North and hurts the South.
7. Sectionalism also grew stronger over state’s rights, or the idea that the states not the national
government should have final say on laws that affect them
8. In 1850, when California wanted to enter the Union as a “free” state, the balance of power was again
threatened. Henry Clay again works out the Compromise of 1850. Under this compromise, California
would enter as a free state, but New Mexico and Utah would decide for themselves whether to allow
slavery.
9. The Fugitive Slave Act was also part of the Compromise of 1850. This law required all Americans to
turn in people who had escaped slavery.
10. A fugitive is someone who escapes from the law.
11. Henry Clay was known as the Great Compromiser.
12. In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It changed the rules of the Missouri Compromise
and allowed those territories of Kansas and Nebraska the right to decide if they wanted slavery or not.
13. The Kansas-Nebraska Act further divided the states over disagreements of trade and slavery.
14. Dred Scott was an enslaved man who took his fight for freedom up through the federal court system
to the Supreme Court.
15. In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott. The Court said that enslaved people were
property and had no rights as American citizens.
16. Name people who made a difference in the fight to end slavery.
17. By 1860, more than 500,000 free African Americans were living in the United States. Some of those
had escaped to freedom on the Underground Railroad.
18. The Underground Railroad was a system of secret escape routes to Free states, Canada, Mexico, or
the Caribbean Sea that led enslaved people to freedom.
19. A person who was a helper on the Underground Railroad was called a conductor.
20. One of the best-known conductors on the Underground Railroad was Harriet Tubman.
21. By the mid-1800’s the nation continues to divide. Many abolitionists hoped for a peaceful end to
slavery, while others like John Brown by force.
22. In 1859, John Brown led a raid on a government storehouse in Harpers Ferry. His plan was to give
the guns to enslaved people so they could fight for their freedom. He failed, but his raid further divided
the country.
23. In the Presidential election of 1860, slavery was the important issue. Republican Abraham Lincoln
won the election because the Democrats split their vote for two candidates.
24. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted to secede from or leave the Union of the United States.
25. The states that left the Union formed their own national government called the Confederate States
of America or the Confederacy.
26. Name the states that seceded from the Union to form the Confederacy.
South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North
Carolina, and Tennessee
27. Jefferson Davis, a United States senator from Mississippi, was elected President of the Confederacy.
28. Most people in the North supported the Union, but the people in the Border States were torn
between the two sides.
29. Name the Border States that permitted slavery but did not secede. Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland,
and Missouri
30. After Southern states formed the Confederacy, they took over federal or government owned
property in their states. Fort Sumter in South Carolina was being held by the Union when the
Confederacy attacked it on April 12, 1861.
31. President Lincoln called for Americans to join the Union Army. Virginia, the largest Southern state
refused, but the northwestern section of Virginia split from the state in 1863 and formed the pro-Union
state of West Virginia.
32. When Virginia seceded, Robert E. Lee resigned from the Union army because he would not fight
against his home state. He later became the commander of the Confederate army.
33. With the attack on Fort Sumter, the Civil War has started.
34. A civil war is a war between people in the same country.
35. Strategy is a long-range plan to reach a goal. The Union and the Confederacy both made war
strategies. Their strategies were:
Union Strategy— 1.weaken the South by a blockade of Southern ports so they could not ship or receive
goods. 2. then invade
Confederate Strategy— 1.
defend its land against Union attack
2. make the war last a long time
36. The early battles of the war were fought in the South. List the early battles.
37. After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln explained he had decided to emancipate, or free, at
least some of the South’s enslaved people.
38. On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This
document declared that all enslaved people still fighting against the Union were free.
39. The Emancipation Proclamation did not actually free many enslaved people, but it did expand the
goals of war to free enslaved people.
40. During the war, only men were permitted to join the army. Women were still an important part of
the war effort. Below are several women who played important roles.
41. About 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army during the Civil War. These soldiers
faced prejudice from people in both the North and South. They were not paid as much as white soldiers
and had poor equipment and fewer supplies.
42. Prejudice is a feeling of dislike for members of a certain group because of their background, race, or
religion.
43. One of the best-know African American regiments was the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts, led by Robert
Gould Shaw.
44. On November 19, 1863, President Lincoln gave a short address or speech in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania, to dedicate a Union cemetery. It became one of the most famous speeches in American
history called the Gettysburg Address,
45. In 1864, President Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander and chief of the Union army.
46. In September 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman reached Atlanta. Leaving from
Chattanooga, Tennessee, General Sherman left a path of destruction in his march to Savannah. This
march has become known as Sherman’s March to the Sea.
47. In April 1865, the General Lee evacuates Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the South. With Grant in
pursuit, Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House in Virginia
48. On April 14, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, murdered, by John Wilkes Booth at
Ford’s Theater in Washington, D. C.