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Chapter 5
Secession and Resistance
Secession and Resistance
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Seceding
South
North
Tariffs
Northwest Territory
Seceding
• Leaving the Union
• New England threatened secession
because of the War of 1812
South
• Agrarian, or farming, economy based on cotton,
which represented 57% of all U.S. exports
• Cotton production was tied to the plantation
system which relied on slavery
• Few immigrants from Europe
• Manufactured little, imported much; consequently,
opposed high tariffs because they raised the
price of imported goods
• Did not need strong central government, and
feared it might interfere with slavery
North
• Industrial economy based on manufacturing
• Factories needed labor, but not slave labor
• Immigrants worked in factories, built roads,
settled the West
• Wanted high tariffs to protect its own products
from cheap foreign competition
• Needed central government to build roads and
railways, to protect trading interests, and to
regulate the national currency
Tariffs
• Money paid to a country in order to
sell a particular item
Northwest Territory
Countdown To Secession
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Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
Popular Sovereignty
Fugitive Slave Law
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Bleeding Kansas
Free-Soilers
Republican Party
Dred Scott Decision
Lincoln and Douglas Debates
Free Port Doctrine
John Brown
Secession
Jefferson Davis
Confederate States of America
Missouri Compromise
• Missouri was admitted as a slave state and
Maine was admitted as a free state.
• Set 36 degrees 30 minutes North as the
dividing line for any new states admitted
to the Union. North of the line would be
free states and South of the line would be
slave states.
Compromise of 1850
• In this agreement, Congress would
admit California as a free state, the
unorganized territory of the West
would be admitted as free territory,
but Utah and New Mexico
Territories would be open to slavery
by popular sovereignty.
Popular Sovereignty
• Meant that people living in the area
would vote on whether or not to allow
slavery.
Fugitive Slave Law
• Was attached to the Compromise of
1850.
• Mandated that northern states
forcibly return escaped slaves to
their owners in the South.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Allowed the previously free and
unorganized territories of Kansas and
Nebraska to choose whether or not
to permit slavery.
• Basically repealed the Missouri
Compromise.
Bleeding Kansas
• What Kansas became known as, as a
result of the armed clashes between
pro-slavery forces and abolitionists
settlers.
Free-Soilers
• A party believing slavery must not be
permitted in any new territory
Republican Party
• Party formed from a coalition of
Democrats, Whigs, and Free-Soilers.
• Most noted for opposing the
extension of slavery in the
territories
Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott, a slave in Missouri, was taken by his
owner onto Northern soil. In fact, he lived in the
Wisconsin territory for four years with his owner.
When the owner returned to Missouri, Dred Scott
sued for his freedom.
• The ruling established that slave owners had the
right to bring slaves into free territories and
states. Further, the federal government would
protect that right, including bringing runaway
slaves back to their masters.
Lincoln and Douglas
Debates
• Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat
Stephen Douglas debated the opposing
positions in their contest for a senate seat
in Illinois.
• “Honest Abe” held his own against “the
Little Giant.”
• The people of Illinois elected Douglas, but
he lost support in the South due to his
ambivalence toward slavery.
Free Port Doctrine
• Steven Douglas’s argument that
slavery could not be instituted
without laws to govern it
John Brown
• Took his fierce abolitionists ideas to the
South where he hoped to arm slaves and
lead them in a rebellion.
• One October night, he led a band of
followers to seize an arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, Virginia. His group was captured,
the court found him guilty of treason, and
hanged him.
Secession
• At a special convention called by the
state legislature, South Carolina
declared its secession from the
United States.
• By February 1, 1861, six other states
had seceded: Mississippi, Alabama,
Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas
Jefferson Davis
• Elected President of the
Confederate States of America
Confederate States of
America
• New Union that was formed from the
seven states that seceded from the
United States
• Montgomery, Alabama was set as the
capital of the C.S.A.
Efforts To Union
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Jefferson Davis
Senator John Crittenden
Former President John Tyler
President James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
Jefferson Davis
• Though Davis was a defender of southern
interests, he opposed secession as a way
to secure those interests.
• He tried to keep the South in the Union,
but when Mississippi voted to secede, he
left his seat in the U.S. Senate
John Crittenden
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Tried to restore the Union by proposing a new
compromise:
1. Restore the Missouri Compromise
border line of 36 degrees 30 minutes
North and apply it to all present and
future territories.
2. Amend the Constitution to guarantee
the right to own slaves in states south of that
line.
Surging on the wings of victory, Republicans were not
interested in compromises.
Former President John
Tyler
• At the request of the Virginia
legislature, he presided over a special
convention in Washington to promote
a compromise.
• The Senate ignored convention
suggestions.
President James
Buchanan
• Choose a course of inaction because he believed:
1. Violence toward the South would precipitate
war.
2. Other compromise efforts needed time to
develop.
3. Republicans could resolve the situation as
they wished.
4. He had inadequate military forces to defend
federal property.
Abraham Lincoln
• Won the presidency based on a
platform forbidding the extension of
slavery into the new territories but
not interfering with slavery where it
already existed.
Ft. Sumter
• On April 12, 1861, before relief ships
could arrive, Confederate soldiers
opened fire on the fort
• After two days of fighting, the
federal soldiers were forced to
surrender.
• The shots fired at Ft. Sumter began
the Civil War (1861 – 1865)
Battle Lines Are Drawn
• In response to events at Ft. Sumter,
President Lincoln issued a call for 75,000
volunteer soldiers.
• The so-called border states had to decide
their loyalty
• Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland remained
in the Union, while Virginia, North Carolina,
Arkansas, and Tennessee joined the
Confederacy.
• The capital of the Confederacy was then
moved from Montgomery, Alabama to
Richmond, Virginia
Pockets of Resistance To
Secession In The South
• Winston County, Alabama
• Western Counties of Virginia
Winston County, Alabama
• People in this county were among the
poorest and least tied to the slave
dominated economy of southern Alabama
• People in the county met at Looney’s
Tavern in Houston, Winston’s capital city,
to draft a resolution to the governor
proclaiming their neutrality (taking neither
one side nor the other).
• Confederates in Alabama took this to mean
the people sided with the North and began
confiscating property
Western Counties of
Virginia
• The Appalachain Mountains divided Virginia
culturally and geographically
• The southern planters in the East held the
power in the state and often clashed with
the values of the small farmers in the
mountains of western Virginia
• When Virginia seceded, the counties in
western Virginia protested and formed a
separate government loyal to the Union.
In 1863, this group of counties became the
state of West Virginia
The Union’s Military
Strategy
• Goal of the Union
• Anaconda Plan
Goal of the Union
• Compel the Southern states to rejoin
the Union
Anaconda Plan
• Invade the South
• Destroy the South’s ability to wage
war
• Lower the morale of the South so
the South would no longer fight
The Confederacy’s
Military Strategy
• Goal of the Confederacy
• Advantages of the Confederacy
Goal of the Confederacy
• Force the Union to recognize the
rights of southern states to secede
To accomplish this goal, the
Confederacy
needed to:
• Prolong the war until the North got
tired of fighting and asked for peace
• Convince European nations to support
the South in its goals
Advantages of the
Confederacy
• The South would fight a defensive
war. This meant that battles would
occur over terrain and climate that
were familiar to the Confederate
soldiers
• The South had better and more
competent generals than the North