Download Fourth Grade Social Studies Study Guide 4 Quarter (Fourth Nine

Reform Movements (Skills 60-62)
Fourth Grade Social Studies
Study Guide
th
4 Quarter (Fourth Nine Weeks)
Reform Movements (Skills 60-62)
1. By the mid 1800’s, the northern, southern, and western regions were very different.
Many national issues were decided on what was best for a region or section rather than
what was best for the whole country. This was called sectionalism. (p. 477)
2. The sections of the United States were different both economically and culturally. Name
the differences between the North and the South. (p. 477)
Region
Economic
Cultural
Northern States
Diverse economy—small
Abolished slavery
farms, industrial
Southern States
Large plantations—cash
Strong slavery system
crops of tobacco and cotton
3. In 1804, all Northern states had outlawed slavery. The Mason-Dixon Line—the border
between Pennsylvania and Maryland—was the division between the free states and
slave states. (p. 478)
4. Until 1819, there was an equal number of free and slave states. Then Missouri wanted
to join the Union as a slave sate. This would upset the balance. Henry Clay came up
with the Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and
Maine as a free state. (p. 478)
5. Also in the Missouri Compromise, a line was drawn on the map of all Louisiana
Purchase land into “free” territory or “slave” territory. (p. 478)
6. In 1828, sectionalism became a serious issue. Congress passes a high tax or tariff on
imports. This economically helps the North and hurts the South. (p. 479)
7. Sectionalism also grew stronger over state’s rights, or the idea that the states not the
national government should have final say on laws that affect them. (p. 479)
8. In 1850, when California wanted to enter the Union as a “free” state, the balance of
power was again threatened. Henry Clay again works out the Compromise of 1850.
Under this compromise, California would enter as a free state, but New Mexico and
Utah would decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. (p. 480)
9. The Fugitive Slave Act was also part of the Compromise of 1850. This law required all
Americans to turn in people who had escaped slavery. (p. 480)
Reform Movements (Skills 60-62)
10. A fugitive is someone who escapes from the law. (p. 480)
11. Henry Clay was known as the Great Compromiser. (p. 480)
12. In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It changed the rules of the
Missouri Compromise and allowed those territories of Kansas and Nebraska the right to
decide if they wanted slavery or not. (p. 481)
13. The Kansas-Nebraska Act further divided the states over disagreements of trade and
slavery. (p. 481)
14. Dred Scott was an enslaved man who took his fight for freedom up through the federal
court system to the Supreme Court. (p. 483)
15. In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott. The Court said that enslaved
people were property and had no rights as American citizens. (p. 483)
16. Name people who made a difference in the fight to end slavery. (p. 484-485)
Name
Nat Turner
Samuel Cornish
John Russwurm
William Lloyd Garrison
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Free or Enslaved
enslaved
free African Americans
Frederick Douglas
escaped slave
Isabella Van Wagener
(changed her name to
Sojourner Truth)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
Freed slave
white Northern abolitionist
white abolitionist
White Northern women
How They Made a Difference
Led an attack against slavery
Started the Freedom’s Journal. The first newspaper owned
and written by African Americans.
Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society
Wrote the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin that helped turn more
people in the North against slavery.
Became famous for his writings and speeches against
slavery.
Traveled the country speaking out against slavery.
Organized a women’s rights convention and wrote a
document calling for equality of all Americans
17. By 1860, more than 500,000 free African Americans were living in the United States.
Some of those had escaped to freedom on the Underground Railroad. (p. 485)
18. The Underground Railroad was a system of secret escape routes to free states,
Canada, Mexico, or the Caribbean Sea that led enslaved people to freedom. (p. 485)
19. A person who was a helper on the Underground Railroad was called a conductor. (p.
485)
20. One of the best-known conductors on the Underground Railroad was Harriet Tubman.
(p. 485)
Reform Movements (Skills 60-62)
21. By the mid-1800’s the nation continues to divide. Many abolitionists hoped for a
peaceful end to slavery, while others like John Brown by force. (p. 490)
22. In 1859, John Brown led a raid on a government storehouse in Harpers Ferry. His plan
was to give the guns to enslaved people so they could fight for their freedom. He failed,
but his raid further divided the country. (p. 490)
23. In the Presidential election of 1860, slavery was the important issue. Republican
Abraham Lincoln won the election because the Democrats split their vote for two
candidates. (p. 490)
24. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted to secede from or leave the Union of the
United States. (p. 491)
25. The states that left the Union formed their own national government called the
Confederate States of America or the Confederacy. (p. 491)
26. Name the states that seceded from the Union to form the Confederacy. (p. 491)
South Carolina—the first to secede—December 20, 1860
Mississippi—January 9, 1861
Florida—January 10, 1861
Alabama—January 11, 1861
Georgia—January 19, 1861
Louisiana—January 26, 1861
Texas—February 1, 1861
Virginia—April 17, 1861
Arkansas—May 6, 1861
North Carolina—May 20, 1861
Tennessee—June 8, 1861
Reform Movements (Skills 60-62)
27. Jefferson Davis, a United States senator from Mississippi, was elected President of the
Confederacy. (p. 490)
28. Most people in the North supported the Union, but the people in the border states were
torn between the two sides. (p. 491)
29. Name the border states that permitted slavery but did not secede. (p. 491)
Delaware
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
30. After Southern states formed the Confederacy, they took over federal or government
owned property in their states. Fort Sumter in South Carolina was being held by the
Union when the Confederacy attacked it on April 12, 1861. (p. 492)
31. President Lincoln called for Americans to join the Union Army. Virginia, the largest
Southern state refused, but the northwestern section of Virginia split from the state in
1863 and formed the pro-Union state of West Virginia. (p. 492)
32. When Virginia seceded, Robert E. Lee resigned from the Union army because he
would not fight against his home state. He later became the commander of the
Confederate army. (p. 492)
33. With the attack on Fort Sumter, the Civil War has started. (p. 493)
34. A civil war is a war between people in the same country. (p. 493)
35. Strategy is a long-range plan to reach a goal. The Union and the Confederacy both
made war strategies. (p. 499) Their strategies were:
Union Strategy—
1. weaken the South by a blockade of Southern ports so they could not
ship or receive goods (This was called the Anaconda Plan.)
2. then invade
Confederate Strategy—
1. defend its land against Union attack
2. make the war last a long time
Reform Movements (Skills 60-62)
36. The early battles of the war were fought in the South. List the early battles. (p. 500, 507509)
Year
Battle
July 21,
1861
Battle of Bull Run (p.
500)
September Battle of Antietam (p.
1862
500)
Importance
Victor
It was the first major battle of the Civil War. It
was also called the Battle of Manassas. (This is
the battle where General Jackson became
known as Stonewall Jackson.)
South
(Confederacy)
More soldiers died in this battle than any other
day of the war.
North
(Union)
April
1863
Battle of Chancellorsville
(p. 507)
This victory gave the South the confidence to try
to invade the North again.
May
1863
Siege of Vicksburg )p.
507)
One of Grant’s first important battles. It was a
major victory for the Union. It gave the Union
forces control of the Mississippi River and cut
the Confederacy into two parts.
North
(Union)
July
1863
Battle of Gettysburg (p.
508)
The Union victory marked a turning point in the
war. General Lee’s army retreated to Virginia
and would never again launch a major attack
against the Union.
North
(Union)
South
(Confederacy)
37. After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln explained he had decided to
emancipate, or free, at least some of the South’s enslaved people. (p. 501)
38. On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation
Proclamation. This document declared that all enslaved people still fighting against the
Union were free. (p. 501)
39. The Emancipation Proclamation did not actually free many enslaved people, but it did
expand the goals of war to free enslaved people. (p. 501)
40. During the war, only men were permitted to join the army. Women were still an
important part of the war effort. Below are several women who played important roles.
(p. 502)
Name
Clara Barton
Dorothea Dix
Sally Tompkins
Belle Boyd
How They Helped the War Effort
--worked as a nurse for the Union army
--her kindness earned her the nickname “Angel of the Battlefield”
-- worked as a nurse for the Union army
--ran a hospital in Virginia for confederate soldiers
--spied for the Confederacy
Reform Movements (Skills 60-62)
41. About 180,000 African Americans served in the Union army during the Civil War. These
soldiers faced prejudice from people in both the North and South. They were not paid as
much as white soldiers and had poor equipment and fewer supplies. (p. 502)
42. Prejudice is a feeling of dislike for members of a certain group because of their
background, race, or religion. (p. 502)
43. One of the best-know African American regiments was the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts,
led by Robert Gould Shaw. (p. 502-503)
44. On November 19, 1863, President Lincoln gave a short address or speech in
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to dedicate a Union cemetery. It became one of the most
famous speeches in American history called the Gettysburg Address, (p. 508-509)
45. In 1864, President Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander and chief of the
Union army. (p. 509)
46. In September 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman reached Atlanta. Leaving
from Chattanooga, Tennessee, General Sherman left a path of destruction in his march
to Savannah. This march has become known as Sherman’s March to the Sea. (p.
509)
47. In April 1865, the General Lee evacuates Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the South.
With Grant in pursuit, Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House in
Virginia. (p. 510)
48. On April 14, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, murdered, by John
Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D. C. (p. 511)