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Mr. Pace At the completion of this unit students will be able to List signs of healthy and sick animals Categorize disease by their cause Identify common diseases and medical treatments for small animals Identify common diseases and medical treatments for large animals List preventative measures that should be taken to prevent the spread of disease at home and in the vet clinic Identify animal parasites, their transmission, and treatment Recite the recommended vaccine schedules for animals Administer intramuscular and subcutaneous injections Prepare a client education pamphlet for a new pet owner What do you mean, “He’s as healthy as a horse?” Disease • Anything LESS than complete health • Disturbance of normal functions of the body Clinical Signs: (observable) • Bright Eyes • Socializing with other animals and people as usual • Shiny Coat • Healthy Weight • Normal body functions (Urination, defecation, etc.) Clinical Signs: (observable) • Weight Loss • Reduced Performance • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Dull eyes/dropped ears • Dull coat Physiological • Organs/glands don’t function properly Diabetes Pancreas doesn’t produce insulin to regulate blood sugar Hyper/Hypothyroidism Thyroid doesn’t produce thyroxin to regulate metabolism Nutritional • Caused by inadequate nutrition Rickets Caused by insufficient iron, causes bones to weaken Morphological • Physical Defect Caused by accident or negligence Cuts and Bruises Scrapes Scratches Broken Bones Pathogenic • Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungus • Most diseases in this category are contagious Parasitic • Caused by parasites (internal or external) Genetic Disease • Inherited trait • Passed from one generation to another • Could be caused by genetic mutation Bordatella (Kennel Cough) • Causes: Virus • Transmission: Airborne (similar to a cold in humans) • Symptoms: Coughing • Treatment: Antibiotics help with symptoms, but doesn’t kill the virus Parvovirus • Cause: Virus affecting mostly puppies • Transmission: Contact, especially with body secretions of a sick puppy. Virus can live for years. • Symptoms: Vomiting, bloody diarrhea • Treatment: Antibiotics, IV Fluids to prevent dehydration. Many puppies die Rabies • Causes: Virus • Transmission: Through the salvia of an infected animal. (Salivary glands receive high concentrations of the virus) • Symptoms: Foaming at mouth, aggression, and disorientation • Treatment: None, Fatal Feline Leukemia (FeLV) • Causes: Virus • Transmission: Sharing food/water bowls, bite wounds, mutual grooming. (Virus is shed in high quantities through saliva) • Symptoms: enlarged lymph nodes, poor coat, fever, progressive overall decline of health due to low immunity • Treatment: None, fatal Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) • Causes: Virus • Transmission: Inhaling or ingesting the virus (food/water bowls, contact, bite wounds, etc) • Symptoms: Fluid filled abdomen • Treatment: None, Fatal Feline Infectious Peritonitis Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) • Causes: Virus • Transmission: Bite Wounds • Symptoms: Immune deficiency and overall sickliness • Treatment: none, fatal *Known as the “AIDS” of cats Marek’s Disease • Causes: Virus • Transmission: Direct, indirect contact between birds, airborn • Symptoms: weight loss, leg or wing paralyses and death • Treatment: No Treatment Wet Tail (diarrhea) • Causes: Virus (intestinal) • Transmission: Direct contact (food bowls, cages, feces, etc) • Symptoms: Loss appetite, diarrhea, dehydration • Treatment: Antibiotics Shell Rot (Turtles) • Cause: Fungal or Bacterial infection in shell • Transmission: Cuts, scrapes, or cracks in shell, discharge or foul shell • Symptoms: Pitting, soft spots, fluid under shell, discharge or foul smell • Treatment: Swab infected area w/ diluted Providone-iodine solution, scrape away infected portions of shell w/ a blunt tool, swab again, treat w/ antibiotics Shell Rot Whirling Disease • Cause: Micro Parasite • Transmission: Parasite • Symptoms: Effects nerves and cartilage damage, chasing after their tail • Treatment: No Treatment *Prevention; don’t transfer fish from one body of water to another http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5a0GrrymNo Pasteurella (Snuffles) • Cause: Bacteria • Transmission: Direct or indirect contact • Symptoms: Sneezing and Eye Discharge • Treatment: None Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) “Swamp Fever” • Cause: Virus • Transmission: Through blood, saliva, milk, and body secretions • Symptoms: High Fever, weakness, anemia • Treatment: no treatments, or widely used vaccines * “Coggins Test” is required for horses to cross state lines Tetanus • Cause: Bacteria • Transmission: Contact with bacteria; most commonly through a wound • Symptoms: 1st: Colic and Stiffness 2nd: Spastic activity in large muscles • Treatment: Antibiotics • and flushing of wound site West Nile Virus • Cause: Virus • Transmission: Vector • Symptoms: fever, weakness, aimless wandering, paralysis of hind legs • Treatment: No direct treatment for WNV treat clinical signs; 40% Mortality Strangles (Equine Distemper) • Cause: Bacteria • Transmission: Contact • Symptoms: fever, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes • Treatment: Antibiotics Mad Cow Disease • Cause: Prion • Transmission: A contaminated feed • Symptoms: delirious, lethargy, confusion • Treatment: No known treatment Coccidiosis • Cause: Parasite • Transmission: Contact • Symptoms: diarrhea, bloody stool, dehydration, weakness • Treatment: anticoccidial drugs Mastisis • Cause: Bacterial Infection • Transmission: Contact • Symptoms: Inflammation of the udder • Treatment: Antibiotics Pink Eye • Cause: Bacteria • Transmission: An eye irritation; contact • Symptoms: red eyelids, frequent blinking, inflammation • Treatment: An eye injection Coronavirus • Cause: Virus • Transmission: Contact • Symptoms: diarrhea, dehydration and nasal discharge • Treatment: treat clinical signs Pneumonia • Cause: viral and bacterial • Transmission: contact • Symptoms: fever, nasal and eye discharge, stiff gait, soft coughing • Treatment: treat clinical signs, antibiotics Blue Tongue (Sore Muzzle) • Cause: Virus • Transmission: ?? Mosquitos?? • Symptoms: weakens sheep resistance to other diseases, Secondary infections such as pneumonia, lose appetite, sluggish, fever • Treatment: No treatments, prevented by vaccinations At 1. 2. 3. 4. home or on the farm…… Cleanliness and Sanitation Isolate new animals Provide adequate nutrition and shelter Be wise and educated in your breeding programs Sanitation Solutions/Equipment to use at HOME • Lyme • Hot Soap and Water • Bleach, Lysol At the Vet Clinic • Isolate/quarantine very sick animals • Sanitize instruments and exam tables • Educate owners of contagious animals about how to prevent/minimize spread of disease Sanitation Equipment and Solutions to use at the vet clinic • Nolvasan • Iodine • Autoclave • Cold Pack Parasite • Any organism that lives on/in another organism • Causes the host harm • Parasites will die without a host Internal Parasites • Live INSIDE of a host organism Round Worm • Looks like spaghetti • Found in the intestines Tape Worm • Long and Flat in the intestines • Break off in segments and look like rice in the stool Hook Worm • Small, hooked shape • Attach to the wall of the intestine Heart Worm • Found in the circulatory system • Eventually block heart valves External Parasites • Live OUTSIDE of a host organism Fleas • Cause external itching • Not found in Utah! They don’t survive the winters here • Can infect houses, live in couches, etc Flies • Problem in the late summer and early fall • Flies are attracted to animals • Flies are annoying, but the biggest problem is that they transmit disease Maggots • Fly Larvae This parasite stats as an external parasite and then moves inside! Mites • Live on surface of skin • Commonly found in the ear canal Ticks • Attach to body and suck blood • Can transmit Lyme Disease How are parasites transmitted? • Ingesting infected feces • From mother to fetus • Mosquitos (heartworm) • Eating flesh of infected animal ie: cat eating mouse How are parasites transmitted? Preventing • Internal: Parasites in Dogs: Best all around treatment = Heartworm Preventative because it also kills other digestive system worms like roundworms, tapeworm, etc… • External: Fleas? (not in Utah) Ticks Mosquitos Preventing Parasites in Cats: • Internal: Give de-worming tablet Cats who eat mice are especially prone to worms • External: Fleas?? (not in Utah) Mites Preventing Parasites in Horses: • Internal: Give an oral de-wormer at least twice per year • External: Flies Ticks Preventing Parasites in Cattle: • Internal: Roundworms • External: Flies Lice Mites Preventing Parasites in Sheep/Goats • Internal: Roundworms • External: Flies Mites Vaccine • Substance that contains live or dead organisms that is injected into an animal to make it immune to a specific disease 2 types of vaccines • Live Modified Virus Inject small amount of live disease causing bacteria or virus Provides best immunity • Killed Virus Inject small amount of the killed bacteria or virus Needs to be boosted periodically 2 Methods of Administering……. • Injection: Usually subcutaneous • Intranasal: Absorbed in nasal cavity Cat/Kitten Vaccines • PCR-C FELV 2 boosters, then yearly • FIP 2 boosters, then yearly • FIV 2 boosters, then yearly • Rabies Given at 4 months, boosted at 1 year, then every 3 years Dog/Puppy Vaccines • DHBPP – CCV 2-3 boosters 1 month apart CCV (Coronavirus is only for puppies) • DHBPP Yearly adult dog vaccine D- Distemper H- Hepatitis B- Bordetella P- Para influenza P- Parvovirus • Rabies • Given at 4 months, boosted at 1 year, then every 3 years Horse Vaccines • 5 Way - Tetanus toxoid, EEE, WEE, influenze, rhinopneumonitis 2 boosters starting at 4-5 months old, then yearly West Nile Virus yearly Cattle Vaccines • 5 Way or 4 Way 2 boosters, then yearly Sheep and Goat Vaccines • ?? 2 boosters then yearly