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Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection AP Biology 2006-2007 Darwin… 1831-1836 AP Biology 22 years old! Then along comes Darwin… & those dang finches! Descendant species Warbler finch Cactus finch Ancestral Woodpecker finch species Sharp-beaked finch Small insectivorous tree finch Small ground finch Large insectivorous tree finch Cactus eater Medium ground finch Insect eaters Seed eaters Vegetarian tree finch AP Biology Bud eater Large ground finch Correlation of species to food source Seed eaters Flower eaters Insect eaters Rapid speciation: new species filling niches, because they inherited successful adaptations. AP Biology radiation Adaptive Beak variation in Galapagos finches (a) Cactus eater. The long, sharp beak of the cactus ground finch (Geospiza scandens) helps it tear and eat cactus flowers and pulp. AP Biology (c) Seed eater. The large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris) has a large beak adapted for cracking seeds that fall from plants to the ground. (b) Insect eater. The green warbler finch (Certhidea olivacea) uses its narrow, pointed beak to grasp insects. Glyptodont fossils Sloth fossils Modern sloth Modern armadillos AP Biology Why should extinct species & living species be found on the same continent? Big Idea 1 The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life cells DNA AP Biology What are the 4 lines of evidence that support Darwin’s ideas?… Human Macaque Dog Bird 8 32 45 Frog Lamprey 67 125 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 AP Biology 1. What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’s ideas? Fossil record 550 500 Body size (kg) 450 Equus 400 350 300 250 Merychippus 200 150 Mesohippus Hyracotherium 100 50 Dragonfly from Brazil more than 100 million years old AP Biology Nannippus 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Millions of years ago Fossils Layers of sedimentary rock contain fossils new layers cover older ones, creating a record over time Show that a succession of organisms have populated Earth throughout a long period of time AP Biology Evolution of birds Archaeopteryx lived about 150 mya links reptiles & birds Smithsonian Museum, AP Biology Washington, DC Evolution of land animals 2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod “Tiktaalik” “missing link” from sea to land animals from swimming (0 legs) to walking (4 legs) AP Biology Evolution of marine mammals Land Mammal ? ? ? ? But then, they actually found my fossil! At first, I was just a joke ! AP Biology Aquatic Mammal 2. What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’s ideas? Terminal bud Lateral buds Cabbage Artificial selection Brussels sprouts Leaves Flower cluster Kale Cauliflower Stem Flower and stems Broccoli AP Biology Wild mustard Kohlrabi Selective breeding the raw genetic material (variation) is hidden there AP Biology Natural selection in action AP Biology MRSA Evolution of drug resistance in HIV Patient No. 1 Patient No. 2 Patient No. 3 AP Biology Weeks 3. What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’s ideas? Anatomical evidence AP Biology Homologous structures spines leaves succulent leaves Don’t forget our plant friends! AP Biology needles colored leaves tendrils Homologous Structures similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestry Similar development Similar structure Different functions Evidence of close evolutionary relationship AP Biology recent common ancestor Analogous structures Separate evolution of structures similar functions similar external form different internal structure & development different origin no evolutionary relationship Don’t be fooled by their looks! Solving a similar problem with a similar solution AP Biology Analogous structures Convergent Don’t be fooled by evolution their looks! Those & tails Does fins this mean & sleek they bodies have a are recent common ancestor? analogous structures ! Solving a similar problem with a similar solution AP Biology Convergent evolution Flight evolved in 3 separate animal groups analogous structures Does this mean they have a recent common ancestor? AP Biology Convergent evolution marsupial mammals AP Biology These animals look very similar but does that mean they have a recent common ancestor? What is this evidence of? placental mammals Parallel/convergent evolution Niche Burrower Placental Mammals Mole Convergent evolution of analogous Marsupial mole burrowing characteristics Australian Marsupials Anteater Anteater Nocturnal insectivore Mouse Climber Numbat Marsupial mouse Spotted cuscus Lemur Glider Stalking predator AP Biology Chasing predator Sugar glider Flying squirrel Ocelot Tasmanian cat Wolf Tasmanian “wolf” Vestigial Organs Structures that serve little or no function remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species deleterious mutations accumulate in genes for non-critical structures without reducing fitness snakes & whales — remains of pelvis & leg bones of walking ancestors eyes on blind cave fish human This istail not bone LaMarck’s loss from “disuse”! AP Biology Vestigial organs These are Why would whales remnants of have pelvis & leg bones structures that were if they were always functional in sea creatures? ancestral species AP Biology Comparative Embryology Similar embryological development in closely related species all vertebrate embryos have similar structures at different stages of development gill pouch in fish, frog, snake, birds, human, etc. AP Biology Anatomical similarities in vertebrate embryos Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo AP Biology Human embryo 4. What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’s ideas? Human Macaque Dog Bird Frog Lamprey The sequence in DNA proteins Why &compare is a &molecular DNA proteins record of evolutionary across species? relationships. Comparative hemoglobin structure 8 32 45 67 125 Why compare these genes? 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 compare common genes Number of amino acid differencesbetween hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans C (respiration) cytochrome AP Biology hemoglobin (gas exchange) Molecular Record Comparing DNA & protein structure universal genetic code! DNA & RNA Why compare these genes? compare common genes cytochrome C (respiration) hemoglobin (gas exchange) Human/kangaroo 100 A molecular record of evolutionary relationships Dog/ cow 75 Nucleotide substitutions Closely related species have sequences that are more similar than distantly related species Human/ cow Rabbit/ rodent 50 Horse/ donkey Sheep/ goat 25 Human/rodent Llama/ cow Horse/cow Pig/ cow Goat/cow 0 AP Biology 0 25 50 75 Millions of years ago 100 125 Building “family” trees AP Biology "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." -- Theodosius Dobzhansky March 1973 Geneticist, Columbia University (1900-1975) AP Biology 2006-2007 Evolution is "so overwhelmingly established that it has become irrational to call it a theory." -- Ernst Mayr What Evolution Is 2001 Professor Emeritus, Evolutionary Biology Harvard University (1904-2005) AP Biology 2006-2007 Just Because Things Seem Obvious Doesn’t Mean They Don’t Need To Be Supported AP Biology Peppered Moths Dark vs. light variants Year 1848 1895 1995 AP Biology % dark 5 98 19 % light 95 2 81 Peppered moth What was the selection factor? early 1800s = pre-industrial England low pollution lichen growing on trees = light colored bark late 1800s = industrial England factories = soot coated trees killed lichen = dark colored bark mid 1900s = pollution controls clean air laws return of lichen = light colored bark AP Biology Industrial melanism Rosemary and Peter Grant Dry year Dry year Dry year 1977 1980 1984 10 9 Medium ground finch 8 AP Biology 1982 11 Beak depth of offspring (mm) Since dry years produce thicker shelled seeds, then in dry years, larger beaks will be more frequent in the population. Data… Beak depth Evolution in Darwin’s finches now Prediction: Wet year 8 9 10 11 Mean beak depth of parents (mm) Natural selection in action Insecticide & drug resistance Resistance… NOT immunity! insecticide didn’t kill all individuals resistant survivors reproduce resistance is inherited more of population is resistant insecticide becomes less Pesticide molecule Resistant target site Target site Insect cell membrane Target site & less effective AP Biology Decreased number of target sites Genome sequencing What can data from whole genome sequencing tell us about evolution of humans? AP Biology Primate Common Ancestry? Chromosome Number in the Great Apes (Hominidae) orangutan (Pogo) gorilla (Gorilla) chimpanzee (Pan) human (Homo) 48 48 48 46 Could we have just lost a pair of chromosomes? Hypothesis: Change in chromosome number? If these organisms share a common ancestor, then is there evidence in the genome for this change in AP Biology chromosome number Chromosomal fusion Testable prediction: If common ancestor had 48 chromosomes (24 pairs), then humans carry a fused chromosome (23 pairs). What we should find: Ancestral Chromosomes Fusion Chromosome Number in the Great Apes (Hominidae) orangutan (Pogo) 48 gorilla (Gorilla) 48 Testable!48 chimpanzee (Pan) This is what makes human (Homo) 46 evolution science AP Biology & not belief! Homo sapiens Inactivated centromere Telomere sequences in middle of chromosome Centromere: bonding point between chromosomes Telomere: at ends of chromosomes Hillier et al (2005) “Generation and Annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4,” Nature 434: 724 – 731. Guess what we found?!? Ancestral Chromosome 2 in Chromosomes Fusion Homo sapiens “Chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage of evolution, having emerged as a result of head-to-head fusion of two chromosomes that remained separate in Inactivated other primates. The precise fusion site has centromere been located in 2q13–2q14.1, where our analysis confirmed the presence of multiple Telomere subtelomeric duplications to chromosomes sequences in middle of 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 21 and 22. During the chromosome formation of human chromosome 2, one of the two centromeres became inactivated (2q21, which corresponds to the centromere Well I’ll from chimp chromosome 13) and the be a monkey’s centromeric structure quickly deterioriated.” …or an ape’s… uncle! Human Chromosome #2 shows the exact AP Biology point at which this fusion took place