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After eight years of warring with Mecca and finally conquering the city in 630 CE, Muhammad united Arabia into a single Islamic state. LEARNING OBJECTIVE [ edit ] Discuss the rise of Islam under Muhammad KEY POINTS [ edit ] Muhammad created the first Islamic state when he wrote theConstitution of Medina, a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families ofMedina, including Muslims, Jews, Christians, and pagans. The Battle of Badr was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Qurayash in Mecca. The Battle of Uḥud in 625 CE was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, but the Muslims suffered defeat and withdrew. After eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 followers and conquered the city of Mecca, destroying the pagan idols in theKaaba. By the time of Muhammad's death unexpected death in 632 CE, he had united Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity. With the rise of Islam, Sharia law emerged from the teachings of the Quran and the life of Muhammad as both a moral code and religious law. TERMS [ edit ] Hadith a report of the teachings, deeds and sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, which helped to unify the Islamic state Farewell Pilgrimage the last and only Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632 CE Constitution of Medina a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Medina, including Muslims, Jews, Christians, and pagans, which formed the basis of the first Islamic state Ummah the collective community of Islamic peoples Hijab a veil that covers the head and chest, which is particularly worn by a Muslim woman beyond the age of puberty in the presence of adult males outside of their immediate family, as mandated by Sharia law Give us feedback on this content: FULL TEXT [ edit ] The Constitution of Medina Upon his arrival in Medina, Muhammad unified the tribes by drafting the Constitution of Medina, which was a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Medina, including Muslims, Jews, Christians, and pagans. This constitution instituted rights and responsibilities and united the different Medina communities into the first Islamic state, the Ummah. While praying in the Masjid alQiblatain in Medina, Muhammad received revelations that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer. Muhammad adjusted to the new direction, and his companions praying with him followed his lead, beginning the tradition of facing Mecca during prayer. The Masjid alQiblatain, where Muhammad established the new Qibla, or direction of prayer Muhammad received revelations that he should face Mecca, rather than Jerusalem, in 624 CE. Beginning of Armed Conflict Economically uprooted with no available professions, the Muslim migrants began raiding Meccan caravans. They initiated armed conflict with Mecca under Muhammad's Quranic verses that permitted Muslims to fight the Meccans. As a result of these attacks, they acquired wealth, power and prestige while working towards the ultimate goal of conquering Mecca. Battle of Badr In March 624, Muhammad led three hundred warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Muslims set an ambush for the caravan at Badr, but a Meccan force intervened and the Battle of Badr commenced. Although outnumbered more than three to one, the Muslims won the battle, killing at least fortyfive Meccans. Muhammad and his followers saw the victory as confirmation of their faith and Muhammad said the victory was assisted by an invisible host of angels. The victory strengthened Muhammad's position in Medina and dispelled earlier doubts among his followers. A map of the Badr campaign The Battle of Badr in 624 was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Qurayash in Mecca. Battle of Uhud To maintain economic prosperity, the Meccans needed to restore their prestige after their defeat at Badr. Abu Sufyan, the leader of the ruling Quaryash tribe, gathered an army of three thousand men and set out for an attack on Medina. Muhammad led his Muslim force to the Meccans to fight the Battle of Uhud on 23 March. When the battle seemed close to a decisive Muslim victory, the Muslim archers left their assigned posts to raid the Meccan camp. Meccan war veteran Khalid ibn alWalid led a surprise attack, which killed many Muslims and injured Muhammad. The Muslims withdrew up the slopes of Uḥud. The Meccans did not pursue the Muslims further, but marched back to Mecca declaring victory. Map of the battle, showing the Muslim and Meccan lines respectively. The Battle of Uḥud in 625 CE was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, but the Muslims suffered defeat and withdrew. For the Muslims, the battle was a significant setback. According to the Qur'an, the loss at Uhud was partly a punishment and partly a test for steadfastness. Conquest of Mecca and Arabia After eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad took over the city with little bloodshed. He destroyed the pagan idols in the Kaaba and then sent his followers out to destroy all of the remaining pagan temples in Eastern Arabia. In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from the Farewell Pilgrimage, Muhammad fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam, and he had united Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity. Early Reforms under Islam Muhammad was first a rebel in Mecca, then a statesman in Medina. Islamic social reforms in areas such as social security, family structure, slavery, and the rights of women and children improved the status quo of Arab society. Muhammad's message refocused perceived identity, world view, and the hierarchy of values in the Arabian Peninsula. Economic reforms required an alms tax for the benefit of the poor and as Muhammad's power grew, he demanded that tribes who wished to ally with him implement the zakat in particular. The Hadith and Sharia Law The Hadith was a report of the teachings, deeds and sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The hadith literature was compiled from oral reports that were present in society around the time of their compilation, well after the death of Muhammad. Sunnah, which consists of what Muhammad believed, implied, or tacitly approved, was recorded by his companions in the hadith. With the hadith, the new universal authority and sense of brotherhood among Muslims replaced allegiance to the tribal sunnah. Sharia law describes the the moral code and religious law in Islam. There are two primary sources of sharia law: the precepts set forth in the Quranic verses, and the example set by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah. Sharia deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics, and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexual relationships, hygiene, diet, prayer, everyday etiquette, and fasting. Adherence to Islamic law is a historical distinguishing characteristic of the Muslim faith, and through the centuries Muslims have devoted much scholarly time and effort on its elaboration. Sharia underwent fundamental development, beginning with the reigns of caliphs Abu Bakr(632– 34) and Umar (634–44), during which time many questions were brought to the attention of Muhammad's closest comrades for consultation. Use of Sharia in the judicial system for countries in the modern world Use of sharia by country. Green: Muslimmajority countries and members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation where sharia plays no role in the judicial system. Yellow: Countries where sharia applies in personal status issues (such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and child custody), but otherwise have a secular legal system. Purple: Countries where sharia applies in full, covering personal status issues as well as criminal proceedings. Orange: Countries with regional variations in the application of sharia. The Hijab (the Veil) The dress code described by Sharia law includes the hijab, a veil that covers the head and chest, which is particularly worn by a Muslim woman beyond the age of puberty in the presence of adult males outside of their immediate family. It can further refer to any head, face, or body covering worn by Muslim women that conforms to a certain standard of modesty. The term hijab in Arabic literally means "a screen or curtain" and is used in the Quran to refer to a partition. Hijab can also be used to refer to the seclusion of women from men in the public sphere, or it may embody a metaphysical dimension. There are disagreements among religious scholars about the extreme requirements of this practice; the enforcement of these requirements varies regionally and as governments change in Islamic countries. Modernday Muslim women wearing hijab Collage of images displaying the following, from left to right: 1. American Muslim females enjoying Iftar in Patterson, New Jersey. 2. Two young Iranian women walking down the street, one talking on a mobile phone. 3. An Afghan school girl sings a prayer in celebration and for blessing during a ground breaking ceremony in the village of Dar Bhabba in the Nangahar province.