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Biology 3201 Old Public Exam Questions August 2004 – August 2009 *Key Online Unit 3 – Genetics Part 1 – Mendelian Genetics Page 2 of 19 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AUGUST 2009 36. Which are alternate forms of genes? (A) alleles (B) chromatids (C) hybrids (D) sub units 37. How did Mendel obtain the F1 generation of all hybrid tall pea plants? (A) hybrid tall Xhybrid tall (B) hybrid tall Xpure tall (C) pure short Xpure short (D) pure tall Xpure short 38. Eye colour for fruit flies is determined by genes X, Y and Z. Which is illustrated if X produces black eyes, Y produces brown eyes and Z produces magenta (purple) eyes? (A) co-dominance (B) incomplete dominance (C) multiple alleles (D) polygenic inheritance 39. Which type of inheritance causes variation in height and skin colour in humans? (A) co-dominance (B) incomplete dominance (C) multiple alleles (D) polygenic inheritance 40. What is the probability of parents having the following three children: two boys in a row followed by a daughter? Page 3 of 19 41. Which explains how a cross between two grey mice can produce black mice, grey mice and white mice? (A) Crossing over occurs between white and black alleles. (B) Inheritance involves alleles that are incompletely dominant. (C) Mutations occur during gamete formation. (D) Non-disjunction results in the production of abnormal offspring. 42. What is one of Morgan’s major contributions to the field of genetics? (A) concept of codons (B) double helix (C) Law of Dominance (D) sex-linked traits 43. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state? (A) Gene pairs always sort in the same order. (B) Gene pairs sort randomly and independently from each other. (C) One allele is always dominant. (D) Sister chromatids separate during gamete formation. 44. Where does crossing over occur? (A) anaphase of mitosis (B) anaphase II of meiosis (C) prophase of mitosis (D) prophase I of meiosis 45. A baby boy inherits a recessive allele from his mother. In which circumstance would he most likely show the trait coded for by the recessive allele? (A) The allele is on an autosomal chromosome. (B) The allele is on the X chromosome. (C) The allele is on the Y chromosome. (D) The allele undergoes a mutation. AUGUST 2008 36. Which is the study of variation and inheritance in organisms? (A) evolution (B) genetics (C) physiology (D) zoology Page 4 of 19 37. What is the probability of parents having three girls in a row? 38. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state? (A) During gamete formation alleles separate. (B) During gamete formation genes separate. (C) The inheritance of alleles for one trait will affect the inheritance of alleles for another trait. (D) The inheritance of alleles for one trait will not affect the inheritance of alleles for another trait. 39. A white bull is crossed with a red cow. All the offspring produced are roan, containing both red and white hairs. Which describes this inheritance pattern? (A) co-dominance (B) incomplete dominance (C) sex-linked inheritance (D) polygenic inheritance 40. In the cross Rr × rr, what percentage of offspring show the recessive trait? (A) 25 % (B) 50 % (C) 75 % (D) 100 % 41. A cross was made between two black, rough-haired guinea pigs. The resulting offspring included 6 with black rough hair and 1 with white smooth hair. Which describes this situation? (A) Both genes are co-dominant. (B) Both genes are polygenic. (C) Both parents are heterozygous. (D) Both white and smooth are dominant traits. 42. In cattle, hornless (H) is dominant over horned (h). A hornless bull is mated with 3 cows. Cow 1 (horned) produces a horned calf, cow 2 (hornless) produces a horned calf, and cow 3 (hornless) produces a hornless calf. Which of the cattle must have a heterozygous genotype for this trait? (A) bull and cow 1 (B) bull and cow 2 (C) cow 2 and calf 2 (D) cow 3 and calf 3 Page 5 of 19 43. Which describes a test cross? (A) heterozygous × unknown (B) homozygous × unknown (C) recessive × unknown (D) unknown × unknown 44. Who discovered sex-linkage? (A) Boveri (B) Mendel (C) Morgan (D) Sutton 45. A man who has type B blood and a woman who has type A blood have a child with blood type O. What are the genotypes of the parents? (A) I I and I I (B) I i and I I (C) I I and I i (D) I i and I i B B B B B B A A A A A A 46. How did Morgan’s research with Drosophila change the understanding of Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment? (A) Genes located on the same chromosome will be inherited together. (B) Modifier genes work with other genes to control the expression of traits. (C) Multiple genes result in continuous variation. (D) Sex-linked genes are found on the Y chromosome. 49. What is the probability that a male will inherit a sex-linked recessive allele from his father? (A) 0 % (B) 25 % (C) 50 % (D) 100 % AUGUST 2007 36. Which refers to the genetic composition of an organism? (A) allele (B) genotype (C) phenotype (D) trait 37. How many different kinds of gametes can normally be produced by an organism with the genotype RrYy? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 Page 6 of 19 38. Mendel stated that units of inheritance may be inherited independently. Which best restates this conclusion in modern terms? (A) During fertilization, which sperm combines with which egg is a matter of chance. (B) In mitosis, there is no difference between the original DNA molecule and its replicated copy. (C) In the first stage of meiosis, chromosomes pair with their homologues. (D) In the first stage of meiosis, the segregation of one pair of chromosomes does not affect the segregation of other chromosomes. 39. Which is a test cross? (A) AA × Aa (B) Aa × Aa (C) aa × aa (D) Aa × aa 40. A purebred red-flowered snapdragon is crossed with a purebred white-flowered snapdragon. If all the F1 are pink what does this indicate about the alleles? (A) Pink is dominant. (B) Red and white are co-dominant. (C) Red and white are incompletely dominant. (D) Red is dominant. 41. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have blood types B and O. Four babies were tested and their blood types are listed below. Which baby or babies could belong to Mr. and Mrs. Smith? (A) Baby 1 only (B) Baby 1 and Baby 4 only (C) Baby 2 and Baby 4 only (D) Baby 3 only 42. What is the chance that a couple will have four boys in a row? Page 7 of 19 43. Black coat color is dominant to white coat color in guinea pigs. If a heterozygous black guinea pig is mated with a white pig, what percentage of offspring should be black? (A) 0 % (B) 25 % (C) 50 % (D) 100 % 44. M. jalapa plants with deep crimson flowers and M. jalapa plants with yellow flowers were studied. Cross-pollinating these plants produced plants with deep red flowers only (F1 generation). These F1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate, and the resulting seeds produced 450 deep red and 160 yellow M. jalapa plants. With respect to the alleles for flower color, what do these results indicate? (A) codominance (B) complete dominance (C) incomplete dominance (D) X-linked inheritance 45. Some diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, can be inherited even if neither parent has the disease. What is the most likely cause of this? (A) dominant alleles (B) environment (C) recessive alleles (D) weakened immune system 49. Skin color in humans is an example of what type of inheritance? (A) incomplete dominance (B) multiple alleles (C) polygenic inheritance (D) sex-linked inheritance 50. Why are human females less likely to be color-blind than males? (A) Color blindness is linked to testosterone levels. (B) Color blindness is the dominant condition in males. (C) Human females have two X chromosomes. (D) The gene for color blindness is autosomal. 51. Which scientist discovered sex-linked inheritance? (A) Chargaff (B) McClintock (C) Morgan (D) Wilkins Page 8 of 19 52. Which describes genes carried on the same chromosome? (A) dominant (B) gene-linked (C) independently assorted (D) sex-linked AUGUST 2006 36. Which refers to an organism with two identical alleles for a single trait? (A) cross-fertilized (B) heterozygous (C) homozygous (D) segregated 37. Who proposed the Law of Independent Assortment? (A) Darwin (B) Griffith (C) Mendel (D) Morgan 38. Which genotype(s) express a recessive trait? (A) tt and Tt (B) tt only (C) TT and Tt (D) TT only 39. What is the chance that a couple will have three girls in a row? 40. The parents of a blue-eyed man were both brown-eyed. He marries a brown-eyed woman, whose father was brown-eyed and whose mother was blue-eyed. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? (A) Bb only (B) bb only (C) Bb and bb (D) BB and bb Page 9 of 19 41. Which parental cross would produce 50% of its offspring with the recessive trait? (A) TT × TT (B) tt × Tt (C) Tt × Tt (D) tt × tt 42. In the Punnet square below, which offspring are homozygous for both traits? (A) 1 and 6 (B) 2 and 5 (C) 3 and 8 (D) 4 and 7 43. In horses, roan coats (red and white hairs) result from codominance. If a roan male is mated with a white female, what would be the expected phenotype ratios? (A) all roan (B) ½ roan, ¼ red, ¼ white (C) ½ roan, ½ red (D) ½ roan, ½ white 44. In snapdragon flowers, red is incompletely dominant to white. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring in the F2 generation in a cross between a red flower and a white flower? (A) all pink (B) 3 red, 1 white (C) 1 red, 2 pink, 1 white (D) 1 red, 1 pink, 2 white 45. Which pattern of inheritance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual at the same time? (A) codominance (B) incomplete dominance (C) polygenic inheritance (D) sex linkage 46. Which represents a test cross? (A) bb × bb (B) bb × BB (C) B_ × bb (D) B_ × BB Page 10 of 19 47. Which are possible blood types for the parents of a child with type AB blood? 48. Who proposed that Mendel’s factors were carried on chromosomes? (A) Griffith (B) Levene (C) Morgan (D) Sutton 49. Which type of trait is human height? (A) complete (B) incomplete (C) monogenic (D) polygenic 50. What is the probability that a male inherits his Y chromosome from his father? (A) 0 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.50 (D) 1.0 51. Who proposed the double helix model of DNA? (A) Franklin and Wilkins (B) Hershey and Chase (C) Sutton and Boveri (D) Watson and Crick AUGUST 2005 36. Which branch of biology deals with the principles of variation and inheritance? (A) embryology (B) genetics (C) neurology (D) zoology 37. What is the genetic make-up of an organism? (A) allele (B) genotype (C) hybrid (D) phenotype Page 11 of 19 38. What is the chance of a family having five boys in a row? (A) 1/2 (B) 1/16 (C) 1/32 (D) 1/64 39. If tallness is a dominant trait of pea plants, which most likely describes two pea plants that produce 146 tall and 52 short plants when mated? (A) both heterozygous tall (B) both homozygous short (C) heterozygous tall and homozygous short (D) heterozygous tall and homozygous tall 40. Which is most likely the ratio resulting from a monohybrid cross with codominance if both parents are hybrid? (A) 1:1:1:1 (B) 1:2:1 (C) 2:2 (D) 3:1 41. Using the diagram below, what is the chance that individual X will be blood type AB? (A) 0% (B) 25% (C) 50% (D) 100% 42. Horned trait in cattle is dominant (H) and hornless trait is recessive (h). If a horned bull is mated to the two cows described below, what are possible genotypes for the bull and cows? 44. Which is a result of blending two traits from different alleles? (A) codominance (B) crossing over (C) incomplete dominance (D) sex linkage Page 12 of 19 45. If a sex-linked trait affects more males than females, which conclusion should be drawn about the trait? (A) codominant (B) incompletely dominant (C) X-linked dominant (D) X-linked recessive 46. Which scientist first developed the concept of “jumping genes”? (A) Griffith (B) Levene (C) McClintock (D) Mendel 55. Eye color is a sex-linked trait in fruit flies. If red eyes are dominant and white eyes are recessive, which cross could produce red eyed males and white eyed females? (A) heterozygous red eyed females × white-eyed males (B) heterozygous white eyed females × red-eyed males (C) homozygous red eyed females × red-eyed males (D) homozygous white eyed females × white-eyed males 56. Why is the human population on the island of Newfoundland suitable for studying human genetics? (A) More hybrid traits are present in the population. (B) The founder effect is preserved. (C) The population represents a small sample size. (D) There is great genetic diversity. 57. Which organisms did Mendel use in studying genetics? (A) fruit flies (B) humans (C) monkeys (D) pea plants 59. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring produced from a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals? (A) 1:1:1:1 (B) 1:2:2:1 (C) 9:2:3:2 (D) 9:3:3:1 AUGUST 2004 36. Which is the science of heredity? (A) evolution (B) genetics (C) inheritance (D) karyotyping Page 13 of 19 37. Which refers to the trait expressed in a heterozygous individual? (A) allele (B) chromosome (C) dominant (D) recessive 38. Who discovered fundamental principles of genetics by breeding garden peas? (A) Darwin (B) Margulis (C) Mendel (D) Watson 39. If a sex-linked trait affects more males than females, which conclusion can be made about the trait? (A) incompletely dominant (B) incompletely recessive (C) X-linked dominant (D) X-linked recessive 40. In which field did Rosalind Franklin conduct her research? (A) DNA fingerprinting (B) gel electrophoresis (C) gene cloning (D) X-ray crystallography 41. Which refers to an organism with two different alleles for a single trait? (A) cross-fertilized (B) heterozygous (C) homozygous (D) segregated 42. Which refers to the physical appearance of an organism? (A) genetic drift (B) genetic heritage (C) genotype (D) phenotype 43. Which chromosome mutation results when a part of one chromosome changes places with another part of the same chromosome? (A) deletion (B) duplication (C) inversion (D) translocation Page 14 of 19 44. Which illustrates genetic relationships among a group of individuals? (A) karyotype (B) gene map (C) pedigree (D) punnett square 45. Which best describes the two individuals involved in a test cross? (A) Both are homozygous dominant. (B) Both are homozygous recessive. (C) One has an unknown genotype and one is homozygous dominant. (D) One has an unknown genotype and one is homozygous recessive. 48. Which process results in a phenotype determined by the additive effects of two or more genes? (A) codominance (B) incomplete dominance (C) polygenic inheritance (D) sex linkage 51. In pea plants, tall is dominant over short and purple flowers are dominant over white. 500 offspring were produced from a cross between two pea plants that are both heterozygous for each trait. Approximately, how many of the offspring would be tall with purple flowers? (A) 30 (B) 90 (C) 280 (D) 500 56. How many different genotypes would occur in the offspring of a cross between a homozygous individual and a heterozygous individual? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 57. In horses, roan coats (red and white hairs) result from codominance. If two roan coat horses are crossed, what would be the expected phenotype ratios? (A) all roan (B) ½rroan, ¼ red, ¼ white (C) ½ roan, ½ red (D) ½rroan, ½ white 58. What is the likelihood that a couple’s first child will be a female and second child is a male? (A) 12.5% (B) 25% (C) 50% (D) 75% Page 15 of 19 59. Which are possible blood types for the parents of a child with AB blood? SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS AUGUST 2009 78.(a) In humans, hemophilia is a sex-linked trait where normal clotting (H) is dominant and hemophilia (h) is recessive. Tongue rolling (T) is dominant to non-rolling (t). A non-hemophiliac male and a hemophiliac female produce a child. Both the male and the female are heterozygous for tongue rolling. What is the probability of this child being a hemophiliac who is a tongue roller? Page 16 of 19 AUGUST 2008 78.(a) The gene for red/green colour blindness is a recessive sex-linked trait. The gene for eye colour is not sex-linked. Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes. A blue-eyed man with normal colour vision marries a woman homozygous for brown eyes and who is a carrier for colour blindness. Use a Punnett square to determine the genotypic ratios for their expected offspring. AUGUST 2007 78.(a) In corn plants, thick husk (T) is completely dominant to thin husk (t), and green seed (G) is completely dominant to yellow seed (g). Two thick husk green seed plants are crossed and one of the plants produced is thin husk and yellow. What percentage of the offspring share the same genotype as the parents? What is the phenotypic ratio of the plants produced? Show all workings. Page 17 of 19 AUGUST 2006 78.(a) In humans, normal color vision (R) is dominant to color blindness (r). This is a sex-linked trait (X-linked). Brown eye color (B) is dominant to blue eye color (b). If a color blind, heterozygous brown-eyed female mated with a normal, blue-eyed male, what percentage of the offspring would be color blind, blue-eyed males? Show your workings. AUGUST 2005 78.(a) In pea plants, green colour is dominant to yellow. Describe a cross that could be used to determine if a green pea plant is homozygous dominant. (c) In pea plants, spherical seed shape (S) is dominant to dented seed shape (s) and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). If two pea plants, each heterozygous for both traits, are crossed, what is the probability of the offspring having dented, yellow seeds? Show workings. Page 18 of 19 AUGUST 2004 78.(b) In a certain plant, red flowers (R) are dominant to white (r) and long stems (L) are dominant to short (�). What is the expected phenotypic ratios of the offspring resulting from a cross between a plant heterozygous for both traits with a plant that has heterozygous red flowers and short stems? Show all workings. Page 19 of 19