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Microorganisms, Fungi, and Plants Chapter 1: It’s Alive!! Or Is It? Section 1: Characteristics of Living Things (pg 4-7) Living Things Have Cells All living things are made of one or more cells. o A cell is a membrane-covered structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life o In an organism with many cells, different cells perform specialized functions Living Things Sense and Respond to Change All organisms have the ability to sense change in their environment and to respond to that change. A change that affects the activity of the organism is called a stimulus. o Stimulus can be hunger, sounds and light, or anything that causes organisms to respond in some way Homeostasis The maintenance of a stable internal condition is homeostasis Responding to External Changes When you get hot, your body responds by sweating. When you get cold, your body shivers to warm you up. Humans and other animals have stable internal conditions. Other animals need to control their body by moving from one environment to another. Living Things Reproduce Organisms make other organisms similar to themselves, either through sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is when two parents produce offspring that share traits from BOTH parents. Asexual reproduction occurs when a single parent produces offspring that are IDENTICAL to the parent. Living Things Have DNA The cells of all living things contain the deoxyribo-nucleic acid, or DNA. DNA controls the structure and function of cells. DNA is a nucleic acid Nucleic acid is a molecule called the blueprints of life. Passing DNA ensures that offspring look like their parents. The passing of traits from one generation to the next is called heredity. Living Things Use Energy Organisms use energy to carry out activities An organism’s metabolism is the sum of all the chemical activities a living thing performs Living Things Grow and Develop All living things grow and develop. Section 2: The Necessities of Life (pg 8-11) Water Your body is made of mostly water. Your cells and the cells of almost all living organisms are about 70% water. Air Air is a mixture of several different gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide. Most living things use oxygen in the chemical process that releases energy from food. Oxygen may come from the air or may be dissolved in water. Green plants, algae, and some bacteria need carbon dioxide gas in addition to oxygen. These organisms produce food and oxygen by using photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, green organisms convert the energy in sunlight to energy stored in food. Organisms that can live without air are anaerobic organisms. A Place to Live All organisms need a place to live that contains all of the following things they need to survive. Space on Earth is limited, so organisms often compete with each other for food, water, and other necessitates. Food All living things need food. Food gives organisms energy and the raw materials needed to carry on life processes. Organisms use nutrients from food to replace cells and build body parts. o Making Food Some organisms, such as plants are producers. Producers can make their own food by using energy from its surroundings. o Taking Food Other organisms are called consumers because they must eat (consume) other organisms to get food. Some consumers are decomposers. Decomposers are organisms that get their food by breaking down the nutrients in dead organisms or animal waste and absorbing the nutrients. Putting It All Together Food, water, air, and a place to live are basic needs of most living things. All organisms need to break down their food in order to use the nutrients in it. Nutrients are made up of molecules. A molecule is a substance made when two or more atoms combine. Molecules made of different kinds of atoms are compounds. Molecules found in living things are usually made of different combinations of six elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur. These elements combine to form proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP, and nucleic acids. Proteins Almost all of my processes of a cell involve proteins. Proteins are large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. o Making Proteins Organisms break down the proteins in foods to supply their cells with amino acids. Amino acids are linked together to form new proteins. o Proteins in Action Proteins have many different functions. Some proteins form structures that are easy to see. Other proteins are very small and help cells do their job. Inside red blood cells, the protein hemoglobin binds to oxygen to deliver and release oxygen through the body. Other proteins, called enzymes, start or speed up chemical reactions in cells. Carbohydrates Molecules made of sugars are called carbohydrates. Cells use carbohydrates as a source of energy and for energy storage. There are two kinds of carbohydrates- simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. o Simple Carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates are made up of one sugar molecule or few sugar molecules linked together. o Complex Carbohydrates When an organism has more sugar than it needs, its extra sugar may be stored as complex carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are made of hundreds of sugar molecules linked together. Lipids Lipids are compounds that cannon mix with water. Fats and steroids are lipids. o Phospholipids All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. Phospholipids are the molecules that form much of the cell membrane. o Fats and Oils Fats and oils are lipids that store energy When an organism has used up most of its carbohydrates, it can get energy from these lipids. ATP Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is another important molecule. ATP is the major energy-carrying molecule in the cell. Energy from carbohydrates and lipids are transferred to ATP, which then provides fuel for cellular activity Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are called the blueprints of life because they all have the information needed for a cell to make proteins. Nucleic acids are large molecules made up of molecules called nucleotides. A nucleic acid may have thousands of nucleotides.