Download 1. Enzyme: A biological catalyst

What is speciation?
• Speciation is the process by which
a new species is formed
What are enzymes?
• Every species has variation and
•
Enzymes are biological catalysts
different characteristics
•
They speed up the rate of reaction for many
• When a group gets isolated from
processes
the rest of the species, it cannot
•
Most are produced in the pancreas
breed. Over time, natural selection
•
Some are produced in goblet cells and gastric pits
occurs and the species changes to
in the small intestine
adapt to its environment
•
Some are made in the salivary glands in the mouth
• Eventually, the group is so
•
Enzymes can help with digestion and can be used
different that it cannot breed
outside of the body in industrial processes
with other members of the species
to produce viable offspring. A new
species is made.
Key words:
What is Cell Division?
1. Enzyme: A biological catalyst- used to speed up chemical
• A process that leads to
reactions in the body
the creation of new
2. Protein: A molecule made of amino acids
cells.
3. Industry: How products are made to be sold for profit
• Mitosis is a process used
4. Aerobic Respiration: A chemical reaction that provides energy,
for growth and repair
using oxygen
and happens in body
5.
Anaerobic Respiration: A chemical reaction that provides energy,
cells. It involves a single
without oxygen
division and produces
6. Gene: A unit of inheritance, codes for a single characteristic
diploid (two copies of
7. Allele: A version of a gene
each chromosome) cells.
• Meiosis creates gametes
8. Chromosome: A circular piece of DNA containing thousands of
(sex cells). It involves
genes
two divisions and
9. Speciation: A process that results in a new species
produces haploid cells
(one copy of each
How does inheritance work?
chromosome).
• In sexual reproduction both parents provide half the genetic material of their
•
•
•
offspring
Humans have 46 chromosomes- 23 come from the father, 23 from the mother
Genes code for characteristics but these can be influenced by the environment
too
Diagrams called punnet squares can be used to show inheritance. Use them!
What is anaerobic respiration?
• A chemical reaction that provides
energy and requires only glucose
• Produces lactic acid as a byproduct
• Glucose  Lactic Acid
What do enzymes do?
•
Amylase breaks down starch into
a smaller sugar called maltose
•
Protease breaks down protein
into amino acids
•
Lipase breaks down lipids (fats)
into fatty acids and glycerol
How are enzymes used in industry?
•
Isomerase is used to turn glucose
into fructose. Fructose is sweeter
than glucose. This is used in
slimming foods, as you don’t need as
much to get the same sweetness.
•
Invertase is used to turn sucrose
into glucose and fructose which are
liquids. This produces the liquid
centre of some sweets.
•
Carbohydrase and other enzymes
are used in baby food to help break
it down
•
Enzymes are used in washing
powder to clean clothes
What is aerobic respiration?
•
A chemical reaction that provides energy and
requires glucose and oxygen
•
Happens in mitochondria inside cells
•
Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water