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What is speciation? • Speciation is the process by which a new species is formed What are enzymes? • Every species has variation and • Enzymes are biological catalysts different characteristics • They speed up the rate of reaction for many • When a group gets isolated from processes the rest of the species, it cannot • Most are produced in the pancreas breed. Over time, natural selection • Some are produced in goblet cells and gastric pits occurs and the species changes to in the small intestine adapt to its environment • Some are made in the salivary glands in the mouth • Eventually, the group is so • Enzymes can help with digestion and can be used different that it cannot breed outside of the body in industrial processes with other members of the species to produce viable offspring. A new species is made. Key words: What is Cell Division? 1. Enzyme: A biological catalyst- used to speed up chemical • A process that leads to reactions in the body the creation of new 2. Protein: A molecule made of amino acids cells. 3. Industry: How products are made to be sold for profit • Mitosis is a process used 4. Aerobic Respiration: A chemical reaction that provides energy, for growth and repair using oxygen and happens in body 5. Anaerobic Respiration: A chemical reaction that provides energy, cells. It involves a single without oxygen division and produces 6. Gene: A unit of inheritance, codes for a single characteristic diploid (two copies of 7. Allele: A version of a gene each chromosome) cells. • Meiosis creates gametes 8. Chromosome: A circular piece of DNA containing thousands of (sex cells). It involves genes two divisions and 9. Speciation: A process that results in a new species produces haploid cells (one copy of each How does inheritance work? chromosome). • In sexual reproduction both parents provide half the genetic material of their • • • offspring Humans have 46 chromosomes- 23 come from the father, 23 from the mother Genes code for characteristics but these can be influenced by the environment too Diagrams called punnet squares can be used to show inheritance. Use them! What is anaerobic respiration? • A chemical reaction that provides energy and requires only glucose • Produces lactic acid as a byproduct • Glucose Lactic Acid What do enzymes do? • Amylase breaks down starch into a smaller sugar called maltose • Protease breaks down protein into amino acids • Lipase breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol How are enzymes used in industry? • Isomerase is used to turn glucose into fructose. Fructose is sweeter than glucose. This is used in slimming foods, as you don’t need as much to get the same sweetness. • Invertase is used to turn sucrose into glucose and fructose which are liquids. This produces the liquid centre of some sweets. • Carbohydrase and other enzymes are used in baby food to help break it down • Enzymes are used in washing powder to clean clothes What is aerobic respiration? • A chemical reaction that provides energy and requires glucose and oxygen • Happens in mitochondria inside cells • Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water