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The Crusades Social Studies 8 – Unit 4 Introduction • Before we can begin to look at the Crusades and understand them, we need to know how the people of that day thought about God and their faith. • The key question is: ▫ Who or What are Saints? Introduction • The Bible teaches that all true Christians are Saints. • The church in the Middle Ages had a Rex stopped the different idea about Car! A Miracle! saints though, as does the Catholic church today: ▫ A Saint is an especially-good Christian (usually now dead), who performed miracles. Introduction • Superstitions formed around the idea of saints. Are we there yet? ▫ Places where they lived or died became especially holy and sacred. ▫ People believed travelling to these sites would make them better Christians, and more likely to be saved. Introduction • Soon groups of people were travelling to these sites together, making a Pilgrimage. • A Pilgrim is someone who makes a long journey for religious reasons (as seen in the unit about Islam), and the journey itself is the pilgrimage. Snacks? Introduction • These were not easy trips. ▫ Involved much danger, effort and expense. ▫ But, they believed the harder the journey, the greater the blessing from God. ▫ Early pilgrims wore rough cloaks, no shoes, and begged for food along the way. ▫ Later ones didn’t. Introduction • Jerusalem, where Jesus lived and died was at the top of the list of holy destinations. • Each year thousands travelled there to worship at what they believed was the tomb of Christ. They prayed at shrines built near places where he taught or suffered, or had performed special miracles. Shrine of the Book in Jerusalem. It holds the Dead Sea scrolls. Introduction • Shrines = a place where holy relics were kept or a place of special significance. • Relics = Objects of religious reverence, especially when associated with a saint or martyr. ▫ Ie: Wood believed to be part of Jesus’ cross. ▫ Relics highly sought. The Problem • Between 600 and 700, Muslim Arabs took Jerusalem. ▫ They didn’t believe in Christ as the son of God, but did see him as a prophet. ▫ They allowed Christians to visit Jerusalem, based on a few conditions: The Problem ▫ 1. Each visitor had to pay them 2 pieces of gold a year. ▫ 2. Christians could not place a cross on any Arab building. ▫ 3. Christians had to rise in respect when a Muslim approached. The Christians were willing to do this to be allowed to come, and the Muslims liked the Gold. The Problem • This arrangement was threatened when the Seljuk Turks, Muslim Nomads, overran much of the Middle East in the eleventh century. • At first they added new taxes and tolls on the Christians, making it harder and more expensive to make the journey. The Problem • As time went on, they became outright hostile towards the Christians: ▫ Broke into Christian shrines and holy places. ▫ Destroyed things. ▫ Mistreated, tortured, and killed some Christians. • News of this reached back home, and it called for a response from the Church. The Problem • Even more worrying however was the possibility of the Turks conquering the Christian empire. ▫ Turks had beaten Christian forces in Battle of Manzikert in 1071, and the road to Constantinople seemed wide open to them. ▫ If it fell, all Christian lands could be overrun. Turks STOP Eastern Capital Jerusalem The Problem • The leader of the Eastern Church asks the Pope in Rome for help. ▫ First Pope to get request is Gregory VII. ▫ He’s too busy fighting with Henry IV to help. ▫ Next is Pope Urban II... • Pope Urban promises to appeal to the Christian Knights and have them try to and help. The Problem • The Turks meanwhile, continue their advance, capturing one small city of the Eastern Church after another. • Then they prepare to attack Constantinople itself. • Emperor Alexius begs for immediate help. Doesn’t think he can hold out. The Pope makes a Plea • Pope Urban II sees this as a chance to unite the Eastern and Western churches again. • Also wants to increase his own power • In 1095 he makes a powerful speech in Italy, telling people the Turks were desecrating the holy tomb of Christ. ▫ People became angry. The Pope makes a Plea • Pope then goes to Southern France and preaches to a huge crowd of several thousand people. ▫ Never had he preached with such energy and conviction. ▫ Urged nobles to stop fighting each other (a sin), but fight the infidels (unbelievers) and be holy. The Pope makes a Plea • “If you die in battle,” he says, “you will lose your bodies, but your souls will be saved.” • Do not refuse for love of family... Love God more. • Do not refuse for love of wealth... God gives treasures in heaven. • Those who live will see the holy tomb of Christ. The Pope makes a Plea • His words were powerful and effective. ▫ People wept over their sins. ▫ They shouted in joy because they wanted to please God and be saved. ▫ “God wills it!” they shouted. ▫ Many came forward to receive the red crosses worn by Christian pilgrims. Other Factors • There were other factors at play though. It wasn’t only the Pope’s speech that made people go. • Nobles and Merchants wanted new lands and wealth from the east. They saw this as a chance to get it. Other Factors • There was a population boom during this time as well. Many nobles had several sons. Only the eldest inherited the estate. Other sons became knights with little to do. ▫ Lots of fighting among each other for lands and glory. Bored. ▫ Pope tells them to fight for good cause instead. Wanna go? Or are you scared? Bring it on! Other Factors • Nobles fighting meant more goods needed for ransoms and supply... Serfs had to work harder and were discontented. • A Famine came between 1085 and 1095, making life harder. • There was a lot of crime, and the jails were full. The Commoners Respond: People’s Crusade • Pope’s speech made to the nobles, but all sorts of people responded. ▫ Serfs, forbidden to leave the lord’s manor, told him they were going to fight the holy war and just walked away. Criminals demanded to be released to fight...and were. Many other discontented and poor joined as well. Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless • Around this time, a monk named Peter the Hermit arrived on the scene. ▫ Had been to Jerusalem and had seen the suffering of Christians. Told all about it. ▫ Went barefoot, wore rough clothes, and carried a large wooden cross. ▫ People went to hear him. 8 Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless ▫ Some left everything and followed him. ▫ They took hairs from his donkey’s tail to keep as relics. ▫ He told them two main things: 1. The Turks had to be driven out. 2. Those who came along could be assured of going to Heaven. Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless • His message fired up the people, and they wanted to go right away. • They chose a poor knight with no battle experience to lead them – Walter the Penniless. ▫ And... Off they went. Totally unprepared and with no idea they had to walk over 3200 km to get to Jerusalem. ▫ Expected Manna from God. Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless Breakfast / Lunch Dinner • Crossed through Hungary and Bulgaria... Who didn’t speak their language. Weren’t friendly to the pilgrims. • Refused to give food and shelter ▫ So, the pilgrims stole food and animals. ▫ Some destroyed villages and killed people. ▫ News reached the Bulgarian king... Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless • King ordered people to arm themselves and attack the pilgrims. • They did. • Peter and Walter unable to stop the fighting. Pilgrims cut to pieces. Hundreds killed. • Women and Children sold into slavery. Crusaders and Emperor Alexius • The surviving crusaders reached Constantinople. • Awed by its wealth and beauty. • Emperor not quite as impressed with them. Tired, miserable, shabby. • But, he helped them cross water and make way towards Jerusalem. • Became known as The People’s Crusade in history. Crusaders and Emperor Alexius • The Turks were waiting for them... And were well rested and well prepared = A massacre. • Walter the Penniless became Walter the lifeless. Most killed. Peter the Hermit lived. • The first attempt had been an utter disaster. God hadn’t divinely helped as expected. The First (well organized) Crusade • Back in Europe, thousands of knights, nobles, and fighting men were preparing for months. They knew of the distance, danger, and strength of the enemy. • Needed money for the trip for food and lodging, and so sold much of their lands for gold. Couldn’t take all food along = would spoil. The First (well organized) Crusade • In 1096, the knights left with strong leaders from France, Germany and Italy. • They defeated attacking armies from Bulgaria and Hungary, and arrived in Constantinople with almost all their men. • Alexius should be happy, but wasn’t. Why? The First (well organized) Crusade • Alexius wanted the Turks defeated, but was afraid this army planned to capture lands of his kingdom for their own... And he was right. • The soldiers needed food and places to stay though, so Alexius had an advantage. ▫ What do you think he did? The First (well organized) Crusade This sucks. All my new lands for just a burger & fries • He made the knights and leaders swear an oath of fealty to him in exchange for supplies. ▫ All lands conquered then, would be done in his name and for his kingdom. ▫ Knights not happy about this, but needed the supplies and made the oath. The First (well organized) Crusade • Alexius gave provisions and helped the knights cross the water and move into Turkish lands. • Crusaders first attacked Nicea and took it. • They marched on from there towards Antioch. ▫ Was a very long way to go. Many died on the trip from battles, intense heat of the sun, or later the winter’s cold. The First (well organized) Crusade 50 KM Nicaea Istanbul / Constantinople The First (well organized) Crusade Nicaea Istanbul / Constantinople 1075 KM Antioch The First (well organized) Crusade • Antioch was strongly fortified. The Crusaders began a seven-month siege of the city. ▫ No proper siege equipment to take down the walls. ▫ Not enough food to eat. Became very weak. ▫ Ate camels, cats, dogs, rats, mice, and grass. ▫ Some chewed leather of their saddles. The First (well organized) Crusade • Finally a traitor led them into the city. • Turks arranged a brutal counter-attack with horsemen and the crusaders were almost forced to surrender. • They held off several waves, but numbers were falling and courage falling with it. The First (well organized) Crusade • Then a priest claimed he had a dream that showed where the spear that pierced Jesus’ side was buried. Digging there, he found a spear in the ground. Word spread that the holy lance had been found. Crusaders filled with new fighting spirit and courage. The First (well organized) Crusade • The Turks make a brutal counter-attack, but the Crusaders fight with such frenzy that the Turks are destroyed. Antioch is taken and held. But... They are still a long way from Jerusalem.... • The spear Spear has of Destiny, been attributed is the spear to belonging holding powers to Longinus, since the the time Roman that who it wasspeared bathedJesus in theChrist holy blood, in the side, when starting with Christ the healing was crucified. of the eyes of Longinus when blood spilled onto him from Christ's wound. He, at that time, claimed that “…this was the son of God.” • Since that time the spear has passed among many leaders. Legend has it that the one who holds is becomes invincible, and many rulers only lost wars or battles once they lost the artifact. • The myths surrounding it hold that it does not matter whether the holder’s intentions are good or sinister. • Adolph Hitler, the last leader to be in possession of the spear, was always intrigued by its mysticism. Upon rising to power he marched his army to Vienna, Austria to claim it for himself. He then had it transported by armored train to Nuremburg, where it was stored in a vault beneath St. Katherine's church. • The vault was discovered by Allied troops and the spear was recovered within hours before Hitler's demise. The spear has since been returned to Hapsburg museum, in Vienna. The First (well organized) Crusade • Many had died, some had returned home, and some had stayed in the areas they captured. • 3 years after leaving home, a small force made it to Jerusalem. • When they saw the city, they fell to their knees and wept. Then they marched barefoot around the city. The First (well organized) Crusade • They prepared to attack it, building ladders to scale the walls….But the ladders were too short. • Built siege towers… ▫ But they weren’t high enough to overcome the walls. • Food and water ran low • Enemy archers killed many. The First (well organized) Crusade • Finally, Italian ships brought wood and supplies for better siege towers. • Crusaders able to scale and gain part of the wall and its defences. • From there, they rushed into the city. ▫ Killed everyone. Men, women, children, old and young. No mercy. The First (well organized) Crusade • After taking the city, many crusaders left to go back home. ▫ Weary of battle. Scarred by what they had seen... and done. • Some stayed and founded a group of four states on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. • The Crusade = success? The Second Crusade • In 1144, the Turks began to recapture much of the Holy Land, starting with the city of Edessa. • By 1147, the preaching of the monk St. Bernard of Clairvaux inspired a second crusade. • Led by King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany. The Second Crusade • The two kings didn’t get along though, and the Turks defeated them. ▫ Crusade was a failure. • During it though, St. Bernard wrote a famous hymn still sung often today... ▫ “O Sacred Head, now Wounded” O sacred Head, now wounded, With grief and shame weighed down, Now scornfully surrounded With thorns, Thine only crown; O sacred Head, what glory, What bliss till now was Thine! Yet, though despised and gory, I joy to call thee mine. The Third Crusade • In 1187, Saladin, a strong Turkish leader, recaptured Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land. • When the news reached Europe, a third and much larger crusade was organized to take it back. • Never had there been a military campaign like it. The Third Crusade • Leaders of it were: ▫ Philip Augustus, King of France ▫ Richard, King of England ▫ Frederick Barbarossa, German emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. • Germans went by land through Constantinople. • Other kings went by sea. The Third Crusade • Close to Antioch the German emperor drowned while swimming in a river. • His army reached Antioch and managed to take it from the Turks. Some stayed. The rest went miserably back home, or died in battles. The Third Crusade • Other kings joined forces to attack Acre near Jerusalem. • Couldn’t get along though, and battle was hard. When they took the city, Philip of France and many of his knights left, claiming their role in the crusades was over. Jerusalem still in the hands of the Turks. The Third Crusade • Richard and a small group of knights fought against Saladin in Jerusalem. • His bravery earned him the name Richard the Lion Heart among his enemies. ▫ but he could be very cruel at times. ▫ Promised compassion if Acre surrendered. They did… The Third Crusade …but he killed everyone inside anyway (women / kids as well). ▫ Had demanded ransom from Saladin. Took a while to get the money together. Some came. Richard impatient. Killed them all. The Third Crusade • Saladin was a true gentleman and a fearless soldier. When he heard Richard was sick, he sent him fresh fruits and mountain snow to cool his water and his fever with, putting Christians to shame. Of course, his men could spy while doing the delivery.... The Third Crusade • Meanwhile, there was trouble back in England. • In the king’s absence, his brother was trying to take the throne = Prince John. Richard makes a quick truce with Saladin: Turks will hold Jerusalem. Christian pilgrims will not be mistreated. The Third Crusade • As Richard hurried home, he was captured by the Duke of Austria and locked in a room in the Duke’s castle. • King Richard had once offended him, and the Duke wanted revenge. • The king disappeared and nobody could find him. The Third Crusade • Richard was fond of singing and writing songs. • When he vanished somewhere in Austria, one of his knights from England travelled all through Austria, singing the songs composed by the king he loved. He went from castle to castle. The Third Crusade • Once as he stood before a castle and sung the first part of a song Richard made, he heard a strong voice sing out the second part. He recognized Richard’s voice. The Austrian Duke demanded a huge ransom for Richard’s freedom. So… if we didn’t pay the ransom… would the Duke promise to kill him? Please? The Third Crusade • All the people of England helped pay the ransom with a special tax. • The King was released and returned home. He retook his throne and continued to rule... But never went on crusade again. The Fourth Crusade • In the years 1202-1204, the Pope again tried to rescue Jerusalem by starting a 4th Crusade. • Many took part in it, being supplied with ships and many supplies by the merchants in Venice. • When they reached Constantinople, the merchants changed plans. The Fourth Crusade • They were angry with Constantinople for interfering with their trade and wanted the knights to attack the city. • Though horrified at fighting a Christian city, they were without provisions if they didn’t agree. • They attacked & took the city, burning part of it. CONSTANTINOPLE FIRE: Is the Emperor dead? The Fourth Crusade • Constantinople never recovered, and the Venetians controlled it for 50 years. • The Crusaders never made it to Jerusalem. Without the merchant’s support (no longer needing the knights), most returned home again. • Another failure. The Children’s Crusade • In the year 1212, one of the strangest events in history took place. • Over 20,000 children left France and Germany to march on Jerusalem. Some were between 10-12 years old • In France, a shepherd boy named Stephen preached about the Crusade. The Children’s Crusade • In Germany a boy named Nicholas persuaded thousands of children and young people to go. • Why would their parents let them go on this dangerous journey? The Children’s Crusade • People believed the Crusades had failed because of the sins of the crusaders. • If innocent people did the fighting, they would certainly succeed. • Children seen as innocent from the sins of the world – lust, greed, power, envy, etc. = Sure to win. The Children’s Crusade • Children came two by two, hand in hand, or in small groups and asked for the way to the sea. • No idea where to go, no provisions. • People on the way gave food and shelter to them. • Believed the waters would part and let them cross on dry land into the Holy Land. The Children’s Crusade • Also believed the walls of Jerusalem would fall as they approached. • At Marseille in Southern France, the children waited for several days for the water to part. It didn’t. ▫ Discouraged some tried to go back home, but few made it. The Children’s Crusade ▫ Others stayed to wait and pray. ▫ Muslim merchants came and offered to take the children across the sea to Palestine. ▫ Said they also loved the holy cross, and would charge no money. ▫ To the children, this was God’s answer and they happily entered the ships… The Children’s Crusade ▫ The Muslim traders were so impressed by the children’s piety, they all converted to Christianity. ▫ When the Children arrived at Jerusalem, a large section of the wall fell down before them. ▫ The Children entered the city and many Muslims fled before them, unable to attack the children and overcome by their own sins. ▫ For the next 45 years, the city was ruled by the Children. No blood was shed. The Children’s Crusade ▫ Merchants took over 5000 children away by ship and brought them to slave markets in the East. ▫ A few went down in storms, but most were sold to Muslims. ▫ The children were educated in the Muslim faith and served the very people they planned to defeat. What the Crusades did for Europe • The Crusades set out to rescue the Holy Land from the Muslims, but only managed to hold it for roughly 100 years. • The Muslims held it 1187-1229 and 1244-1917 (715 years). • There was a huge cost in both money and human lives. So many left all they had ...and died for nothing. What the Crusades did for Europe • The Church hoped to strengthen its influence by the Crusades, but instead many evils in the Church were recognized by people. • Disappointment with God’s “failure” to help. There is some groundwork laid here for the Reformation and the breaking up of the Catholic Church. What the Crusades did for Europe • However, there were some good results: ▫ Feudalism broke down. It was a good system for a time when the world needed it, but it had some serious weaknesses as well. ▫ Many Counts and Lords died in the wars, and the land went back to the King, growing his power. What the Crusades did for Europe • As the King grew stronger, he could unite the land. • Soon nations such as France, Germany, and England arose. • The costly and destructive fights among the nobles and knights ended. Most of the troublemakers were dead. • The living were busy with their homes & families. I’m so sorry! Do you forgive me? *Sob* Yes! What the Crusades did for Europe • Trade also increased ▫ Shipbuilding grew because many wanted to cross to Jerusalem by sea. ▫ Merchants needed ships to provide supplies for the Crusaders. ▫ Italian cities such as Venice, Pisa, and Genoa had many trading centres on the Mediterranean Sea. ▫ Traded with Turks as well What the Crusades did for Europe ▫ Crusaders also discovered a world of luxury and elegance in the East. ▫ Brought rugs and tapestries to their bare castles. ▫ Brought back silks, gems, spices, perfumes, and more back as well. Demand for these grew, and trade expanded. What the Crusades did for Europe • Crusaders learned more about the world. ▫ Learned from the Arabs about weather, climate, soil, and crops. ▫ Gained understanding of the scale of the world, how to navigate the seas, and later would send out explorers to other areas on the globe. ▫ Windmills came from the East and saw much use. What the Crusades did for Europe ▫ The culture and history of the Muslims became better known and respected. Arabs had made great advances in many areas, and European scholars were catching up. ▫ Mutual respect could open the doors to proper evangelism and an opening for Christianity. What the Crusades did for Europe • So, in Short, the Crusades: 1. Broke down Feudalism 2. Encouraged trade and shipbuilding 3. Increased knowledge of the earth and its peoples 4. Encouraged independent thinking 5. Aroused interest in exploration 6. Developed appreciation for other peoples, nations, and cultures. 7. Opened the door for evangelism and conversion, based on understanding and not on force. Next up... The Rise of Towns & Cities