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The Crusades
Social Studies 8 – Unit 4
Introduction
• Before we can begin to look at the Crusades
and understand them, we need to know how
the people of that day thought about God and
their faith.
• The key question is:
▫ Who or What
are Saints?
Introduction
• The Bible teaches that all true Christians are
Saints.
• The church in the
Middle Ages had a
Rex stopped the
different idea about
Car! A Miracle!
saints though, as does
the Catholic church
today:
▫ A Saint is an
especially-good
Christian (usually
now dead), who
performed miracles.
Introduction
• Superstitions formed
around the idea of
saints.
Are we there yet?
▫ Places where they lived
or died became
especially holy and
sacred.
▫ People believed
travelling to these sites
would make them
better Christians, and
more likely to be saved.
Introduction
• Soon groups of people
were travelling to
these sites together,
making a Pilgrimage.
• A Pilgrim is someone
who makes a long
journey for religious
reasons (as seen in
the unit about Islam),
and the journey itself
is the pilgrimage.
Snacks?
Introduction
• These were not easy trips.
▫ Involved much danger, effort and expense.
▫ But, they believed the harder the journey, the
greater the blessing from God.
▫ Early pilgrims wore
rough cloaks, no
shoes, and begged
for food along the way.
▫ Later ones didn’t.
Introduction
• Jerusalem, where Jesus lived and died was at the
top of the list of holy destinations.
• Each year thousands travelled there to worship at
what they believed was the tomb of Christ. They
prayed at shrines built near places where he
taught or suffered, or had performed special
miracles.
Shrine of the Book in
Jerusalem. It holds
the Dead Sea scrolls.
Introduction
• Shrines = a place where holy relics were kept
or a place of special significance.
• Relics = Objects of religious reverence,
especially when associated with a saint or
martyr.
▫ Ie: Wood believed
to be part of Jesus’
cross.
▫ Relics highly
sought.
The Problem
• Between 600 and 700, Muslim Arabs took
Jerusalem.
▫ They didn’t believe in Christ as the son of
God, but did see him as
a prophet.
▫ They allowed Christians
to visit Jerusalem, based
on a few conditions:
The Problem
▫ 1. Each visitor had to pay them 2 pieces of gold
a year.
▫ 2. Christians could not place a cross on any
Arab building.
▫ 3. Christians had to rise in respect when a
Muslim approached.
The Christians were
willing to do this to
be allowed to come,
and the Muslims
liked the Gold.
The Problem
• This arrangement was threatened when the
Seljuk Turks, Muslim Nomads, overran much of
the Middle East in the eleventh century.
• At first they added new taxes
and tolls on the Christians, making
it harder and more expensive to
make the journey.
The Problem
• As time went on, they became outright hostile
towards the Christians:
▫ Broke into Christian shrines and holy places.
▫ Destroyed things.
▫ Mistreated, tortured, and killed some Christians.
•
News of this reached
back home, and it
called for a response
from the Church.
The Problem
• Even more worrying however was the possibility
of the Turks conquering the Christian empire.
▫ Turks had beaten Christian forces in Battle of
Manzikert in 1071, and the road to
Constantinople seemed wide open to them.
▫ If it fell, all Christian lands could be overrun.
Turks
STOP
Eastern Capital
Jerusalem
The Problem
• The leader of the Eastern Church asks the Pope in Rome
for help.
▫ First Pope to get request is Gregory VII.
▫ He’s too busy fighting with Henry IV to help.
▫ Next is Pope Urban II...
• Pope Urban promises to appeal to the
Christian Knights and have them
try to and help.
The Problem
• The Turks meanwhile, continue their advance,
capturing one small city of the Eastern Church after
another.
• Then they prepare to attack
Constantinople itself.
• Emperor Alexius begs for immediate
help. Doesn’t think he can hold out.
The Pope makes a Plea
• Pope Urban II sees this as a chance to unite the Eastern
and Western churches again.
• Also wants to increase his own power
• In 1095 he makes a powerful
speech in Italy, telling people the
Turks were desecrating the holy
tomb of Christ.
▫
People became angry.
The Pope makes a Plea
• Pope then goes to Southern
France and preaches to a huge
crowd of several thousand
people.
▫ Never had he preached with
such energy and conviction.
▫ Urged nobles to stop fighting
each other (a sin), but fight the
infidels (unbelievers) and be
holy.
The Pope makes a Plea
• “If you die in battle,” he says, “you will lose your bodies, but
your souls will be saved.”
• Do not refuse for love of family... Love God more.
• Do not refuse for love of wealth...
God gives treasures in heaven.
• Those who live will see the holy tomb of Christ.
The Pope makes a Plea
• His words were powerful and effective.
▫ People wept over their sins.
▫ They shouted in joy because they wanted
to please God and be saved.
▫ “God wills it!” they shouted.
▫ Many came forward to receive the red
crosses worn by Christian pilgrims.
Other Factors
• There were other factors at play though. It wasn’t only
the Pope’s speech that made people go.
• Nobles and Merchants wanted new lands and wealth
from the east. They saw this as a chance to get it.
Other Factors
• There was a population boom during this time as well.
Many nobles had several sons. Only the eldest inherited
the estate. Other sons became knights with little to do.
▫ Lots of fighting among each other for lands and glory.
Bored.
▫ Pope tells them to fight for good cause instead.
Wanna go?
Or are you
scared?
Bring it on!
Other Factors
• Nobles fighting meant more goods needed for ransoms
and supply... Serfs had to work harder and were
discontented.
• A Famine came between 1085 and 1095, making life
harder.
• There was a lot of crime, and the jails were full.
The Commoners Respond: People’s Crusade
• Pope’s speech made to the nobles, but all sorts
of people responded.
▫ Serfs, forbidden to leave the lord’s manor, told
him they were going to fight the holy war and
just walked away.
Criminals demanded to be released to
fight...and were.
 Many other discontented and poor
joined as well.
Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless
• Around this time, a monk named
Peter the Hermit arrived on the
scene.
▫ Had been to Jerusalem and
had seen the suffering
of Christians. Told all
about it.
▫
Went barefoot, wore rough
clothes, and carried a large
wooden cross.
▫
People went to hear him.
8
Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless
Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless
▫ Some left everything and
followed him.
▫ They took hairs from his
donkey’s tail to keep as
relics.
▫ He told them two main
things:
 1. The Turks had to be
driven out.
 2. Those who came along
could be assured of going
to Heaven.
Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless
• His message fired up the people,
and they wanted to go right away.
• They chose a poor knight with no
battle experience to lead them –
Walter the Penniless.
▫ And... Off they went. Totally
unprepared and with no idea they
had to walk over 3200 km to get to
Jerusalem.
▫ Expected Manna from God.
Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless
Breakfast /
Lunch
Dinner
• Crossed through
Hungary and Bulgaria...
Who didn’t speak their
language. Weren’t
friendly to the pilgrims.
• Refused to give food and
shelter
▫ So, the pilgrims stole
food and animals.
▫ Some destroyed
villages and killed
people.
▫ News reached the
Bulgarian king...
Peter the Hermit / Walter the Penniless
• King ordered people to
arm themselves and
attack the pilgrims.
• They did.
• Peter and Walter
unable to stop the
fighting. Pilgrims cut to
pieces. Hundreds killed.
• Women and Children
sold into slavery.
Crusaders and Emperor Alexius
• The surviving crusaders reached
Constantinople.
• Awed by its wealth and beauty.
• Emperor not quite as impressed with them.
Tired, miserable, shabby.
•
But, he helped them cross water
and make way towards Jerusalem.
•
Became known as The People’s
Crusade in history.
Crusaders and Emperor Alexius
• The Turks were waiting for
them... And were well rested and
well prepared = A massacre.
• Walter the Penniless became
Walter the lifeless. Most killed.
Peter the Hermit lived.
• The first attempt had been an
utter disaster. God hadn’t
divinely helped as expected.
The First (well organized) Crusade
• Back in Europe, thousands of knights, nobles, and
fighting men were preparing for months. They knew
of the distance, danger, and strength of the enemy.
• Needed money for the trip for food and
lodging, and so sold much of their
lands for gold. Couldn’t take all
food along = would spoil.
The First (well organized) Crusade
• In 1096, the knights left with strong leaders from
France, Germany and Italy.
• They defeated attacking armies from Bulgaria and
Hungary, and arrived in Constantinople with almost
all their men.
• Alexius should be happy, but wasn’t. Why?
The First (well organized) Crusade
• Alexius wanted the Turks defeated, but was afraid
this army planned to capture lands of his kingdom
for their own... And he was right.
• The soldiers needed food and places to stay though,
so Alexius had an advantage.
▫ What do you think he did?
The First (well organized) Crusade
This sucks.
All my new
lands for
just a
burger &
fries
• He made the knights and
leaders swear an oath of
fealty to him in exchange for
supplies.
▫ All lands conquered then,
would be done in his name
and for his kingdom.
▫ Knights not happy about
this, but needed the
supplies and made the
oath.
The First (well organized) Crusade
• Alexius gave provisions and helped the knights cross
the water and move into Turkish lands.
• Crusaders first attacked Nicea and took it.
• They marched on from there towards Antioch.
▫ Was a very long way to go. Many died on the trip
from battles, intense heat of the sun,
or later the winter’s cold.
The First (well organized) Crusade
50 KM
Nicaea
Istanbul / Constantinople
The First (well organized) Crusade
Nicaea
Istanbul / Constantinople
1075 KM
Antioch
The First (well organized) Crusade
• Antioch was strongly fortified. The Crusaders began
a seven-month siege of the city.
▫ No proper siege equipment to take down the walls.
▫ Not enough food to eat. Became very weak.
▫ Ate camels, cats, dogs, rats, mice, and grass.
▫ Some chewed leather of their saddles.
The First (well organized) Crusade
• Finally a traitor led them into the city.
• Turks arranged a brutal counter-attack with
horsemen and the crusaders were almost forced to
surrender.
• They held off several waves, but numbers were falling
and courage falling with it.
The First (well organized) Crusade
• Then a priest claimed he had a dream that showed
where the spear that pierced Jesus’ side was
buried.
Digging there, he found a spear in the
ground.
Word spread that the holy lance
had been found.
Crusaders filled with new
fighting spirit and courage.
The First (well organized) Crusade
• The Turks make a brutal counter-attack, but the
Crusaders fight with such frenzy that the Turks are
destroyed. Antioch is taken and held.
But... They are still a long way from Jerusalem....
• The spear
Spear has
of Destiny,
been attributed
is the spear
to
belonging
holding
powers
to Longinus,
since the
the
time
Roman
that
who
it
wasspeared
bathedJesus
in theChrist
holy blood,
in the
side, when
starting
with
Christ
the healing
was crucified.
of the
eyes of Longinus when blood
spilled onto him from Christ's
wound. He, at that time, claimed
that “…this was the son of God.”
• Since that time the spear has passed among many
leaders. Legend has it that the one who holds is
becomes invincible, and many rulers only lost wars
or battles once they lost the artifact.
•
The myths surrounding it hold that it
does not matter whether the holder’s
intentions are good or sinister.
• Adolph Hitler, the last leader
to be in possession of the
spear, was always intrigued
by its mysticism. Upon rising
to power he marched his
army to Vienna, Austria to
claim it for himself. He then
had it transported by
armored train to
Nuremburg, where it was
stored in a vault beneath St.
Katherine's church.
• The vault was discovered by
Allied troops and the spear
was recovered within hours
before Hitler's demise. The
spear has since been
returned to Hapsburg
museum, in Vienna.
The First (well organized) Crusade
• Many had died, some had returned home, and some
had stayed in the areas they captured.
• 3 years after leaving home, a small force made it to
Jerusalem.
• When they saw the city, they fell to their knees and
wept. Then they marched barefoot around the city.
The First (well organized) Crusade
• They prepared to attack it, building ladders to scale
the walls….But the ladders were too short.
• Built siege towers…
▫ But they weren’t high enough to overcome the walls.
• Food and water ran low
• Enemy archers killed many.
The First (well organized) Crusade
• Finally, Italian ships brought wood and supplies
for better siege towers.
• Crusaders able to scale and gain part of the wall
and its defences.
• From there, they rushed into the city.
▫ Killed everyone.
Men, women,
children, old
and young.
No mercy.
The First (well organized) Crusade
• After taking the city, many crusaders left to go back
home.
▫ Weary of battle. Scarred by what they had seen... and
done.
• Some stayed and founded a group of four states on
the eastern shore of the
Mediterranean Sea.
• The Crusade
= success?
The Second Crusade
• In 1144, the Turks began
to recapture much of the
Holy Land, starting with
the city of Edessa.
• By 1147, the preaching of
the monk St. Bernard of
Clairvaux inspired a
second crusade.
• Led by King Louis VII of
France and Emperor
Conrad III of Germany.
The Second Crusade
• The two kings didn’t get
along though, and the
Turks defeated them.
▫ Crusade was a failure.
• During it though, St.
Bernard wrote a famous
hymn still sung often
today...
▫ “O Sacred Head, now
Wounded”
O sacred Head, now wounded,
With grief and shame weighed down,
Now scornfully surrounded
With thorns, Thine only crown;
O sacred Head, what glory,
What bliss till now was Thine!
Yet, though despised and gory,
I joy to call thee mine.
The Third Crusade
• In 1187, Saladin, a strong Turkish leader,
recaptured Jerusalem and much of the
Holy Land.
• When the news reached Europe, a third
and much larger crusade was organized to
take it back.
•
Never had there been a military
campaign like it.
The Third Crusade
• Leaders of it were:
▫ Philip Augustus, King of France
▫ Richard, King of England
▫ Frederick Barbarossa, German emperor of the
Holy Roman Empire.
• Germans went by land through Constantinople.
• Other kings went by sea.
The Third Crusade
• Close to Antioch the German emperor
drowned while swimming in a river.
• His army reached Antioch and managed to
take it from the Turks. Some stayed. The
rest went miserably back home, or died in
battles.
The Third Crusade
• Other kings joined forces to attack Acre near
Jerusalem.
• Couldn’t get along though, and battle was hard.
When they took the city, Philip of France and
many of his knights left, claiming their role
in the crusades was over.
Jerusalem still in the
hands of the Turks.
The Third Crusade
• Richard and a small group of knights fought
against Saladin in Jerusalem.
• His bravery earned him the name Richard
the Lion Heart among his enemies.
▫ but he could be very cruel at times.
▫ Promised compassion if Acre
surrendered. They did…
The Third Crusade
…but he killed everyone
inside anyway
(women / kids as well).
▫ Had demanded ransom
from Saladin. Took a
while to get the money
together. Some came.
Richard impatient.
Killed them all.
The Third Crusade
• Saladin was a true gentleman and a fearless
soldier.
When he heard Richard was sick, he sent
him fresh fruits and mountain snow to cool
his water and his fever with, putting
Christians to shame.
Of course, his men could spy while doing
the delivery....
The Third Crusade
• Meanwhile, there was trouble back in England.
• In the king’s absence, his brother was trying to
take the throne = Prince John.
Richard makes a quick truce with Saladin:
Turks will hold Jerusalem.
Christian pilgrims
will not be
mistreated.
The Third Crusade
• As Richard hurried home, he was
captured by the Duke of Austria
and locked in a room in the Duke’s
castle.
• King Richard had once offended
him, and the Duke wanted
revenge.
• The king disappeared and nobody
could find him.
The Third Crusade
• Richard was fond of singing and writing songs.
• When he vanished somewhere in Austria, one of
his knights from England travelled all through
Austria, singing the songs composed by the
king he loved.
He went from castle to castle.
The Third Crusade
• Once as he stood before a castle and sung the first
part of a song Richard made, he heard a strong
voice sing out the second part.
He recognized Richard’s voice.
The Austrian Duke demanded a huge
ransom for Richard’s freedom.
So… if we didn’t
pay the ransom…
would the Duke
promise to kill
him? Please?
The Third Crusade
• All the people of England helped pay the ransom
with a special tax.
• The King was released and returned home.
He retook his throne and continued to
rule... But never
went on crusade
again.
The Fourth Crusade
• In the years 1202-1204, the Pope
again tried to rescue Jerusalem by
starting a 4th Crusade.
• Many took part in it, being
supplied with ships and many
supplies by the merchants in
Venice.
• When they reached
Constantinople, the merchants
changed plans.
The Fourth Crusade
• They were angry with Constantinople
for interfering with their trade and
wanted the knights to attack the city.
• Though horrified at fighting a Christian
city, they were without provisions if
they didn’t agree.
• They attacked & took the city, burning
part of it.
CONSTANTINOPLE FIRE: Is the Emperor dead?
The Fourth Crusade
• Constantinople never recovered, and the
Venetians controlled it for 50 years.
• The Crusaders never made it to
Jerusalem. Without the merchant’s
support (no longer needing the knights),
most returned home again.
• Another failure.
The Children’s Crusade
• In the year 1212, one of
the strangest events in
history took place.
• Over 20,000 children left
France and Germany to
march on Jerusalem.
Some were between 10-12
years old
• In France, a shepherd boy
named Stephen preached
about the Crusade.
The Children’s Crusade
• In Germany a boy named Nicholas persuaded
thousands of children and young people to go.
• Why would their parents let them go on this
dangerous journey?
The Children’s Crusade
• People believed the
Crusades had failed
because of the sins of
the crusaders.
• If innocent people did
the fighting, they would
certainly succeed.
• Children seen as
innocent from the sins
of the world – lust,
greed, power, envy, etc.
= Sure to win.
The Children’s Crusade
• Children came two by
two, hand in hand, or in
small groups and asked
for the way to the sea.
• No idea where to go, no
provisions.
• People on the way gave
food and shelter to them.
• Believed the waters
would part and let
them cross on
dry land into the
Holy Land.
The Children’s Crusade
• Also believed the walls of Jerusalem would fall as they
approached.
• At Marseille in Southern France, the children waited for
several days for the water to part. It didn’t.
▫ Discouraged some tried to go back home, but few
made it.
The Children’s Crusade
▫ Others stayed to wait and pray.
▫ Muslim merchants came and offered to
take the children across the sea to
Palestine.
▫ Said they also loved the holy cross, and
would charge no money.
▫ To the children, this was God’s answer
and they happily entered the ships…
The Children’s Crusade
▫ The Muslim traders were so
impressed by the children’s
piety, they all converted to
Christianity.
▫ When the Children arrived at
Jerusalem, a large section of the
wall fell down before them.
▫ The Children entered the city
and many Muslims fled before
them, unable
to attack the children and
overcome by their own sins.
▫ For the next 45 years, the city
was ruled by the Children. No
blood was shed.
The Children’s Crusade
▫ Merchants took over 5000 children
away by ship and brought them to slave
markets in the East.
▫ A few went down in storms, but most
were sold to Muslims.
▫ The children were educated in the
Muslim faith and served the very people
they planned to defeat.
What the Crusades did for Europe
• The Crusades set out to rescue the Holy Land
from the Muslims, but only managed to hold it for
roughly 100 years.
• The Muslims held it 1187-1229 and 1244-1917
(715 years).
• There was a huge cost in both money and human
lives.
So many left all they had
...and died for
nothing.
What the Crusades did for Europe
• The Church hoped to strengthen
its influence by the Crusades,
but instead many evils in the
Church were recognized by
people.
• Disappointment with God’s
“failure” to help.
There is some groundwork
laid here for the
Reformation and the
breaking up of the
Catholic Church.
What the Crusades did for Europe
• However, there were some good results:
▫ Feudalism broke down. It was a good system for a time
when the world needed it, but it had some serious
weaknesses as well.
▫ Many Counts and Lords died in the wars, and the land
went back to the King, growing his power.
What the Crusades did for Europe
• As the King grew stronger, he could unite the land.
• Soon nations such as France, Germany, and
England arose.
• The costly and destructive fights among the nobles
and knights ended. Most of the troublemakers were
dead.
• The living were busy with their homes & families.
I’m so sorry!
Do you
forgive me?
*Sob* Yes!
What the Crusades did for Europe
• Trade also increased
▫ Shipbuilding grew
because many wanted to
cross to Jerusalem by sea.
▫ Merchants needed ships
to provide supplies for
the Crusaders.
▫ Italian cities such as
Venice, Pisa, and Genoa
had many trading centres
on the Mediterranean
Sea.
▫ Traded with Turks as well
What the Crusades did for Europe
▫ Crusaders also discovered
a world of luxury and
elegance in the East.
▫ Brought rugs and
tapestries to their bare
castles.
▫ Brought back silks, gems,
spices, perfumes, and
more back as well.
Demand for these grew,
and trade expanded.
What the Crusades did for Europe
• Crusaders learned more
about the world.
▫ Learned from the Arabs
about weather, climate, soil,
and crops.
▫ Gained understanding of
the scale of the world, how
to navigate the seas, and
later would send out
explorers to other areas on
the globe.
▫ Windmills came from the
East and saw much use.
What the Crusades did for Europe
▫ The culture and history of the Muslims became
better known and respected. Arabs had made great
advances in many areas, and European scholars
were catching up.
▫
Mutual respect could open the doors to
proper evangelism and an opening for
Christianity.
What the Crusades did for Europe
• So, in Short, the Crusades:
1. Broke down Feudalism
2. Encouraged trade and
shipbuilding
3. Increased knowledge of the
earth and its peoples
4. Encouraged independent thinking
5. Aroused interest in exploration
6. Developed appreciation for other
peoples, nations, and cultures.
7. Opened the door for evangelism and
conversion, based on understanding
and not on force.
Next up...
The Rise of Towns & Cities