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Class: Name: ( ) Date: 25 Evolution E 25.1 Is there evidence for the theory of evolution? (Book 3, p.254) (1) Evolution (演化) is the process by which new organisms develop from pre-existing organisms over a long period of time. Evolution of organisms (only some main types are shown) 110 Certificate Biology - New Mastering Basic Concepts Oxford University Press 2005 Class: Name: ( ) Date: Formation of fossil (Book 3, p.254) (1) Fossils (化石) are the preserved remains or traces of organisms from the past. mud and sand from river 1 The (2) skeleton of a fish is buried by the mud and sand on the fish skeleton bottom of a lake. bottom of a lake more recent mud and sand 2 After millions of years, the mud and sand become (3) fish skeleton becomes fossil rock due to great pressure from the upper rock layers of mud and sand. younger rock layer 3 older rock layer (4) Earth movement raises the rocks above the water. fossil skeleton exposed 4 Further earth movement or (5) weathering exposes the fossil skeleton and makes it easier to find. Formation of fossils Certificate Biology - New Mastering Basic Concepts Oxford University Press 2005 111 Class: Name: ( ) Date: Uses of fossil records (Book 3, p.254) Fossils are usually preserved in (1) sedimentary rocks (沉積岩) which are formed by depositing one layer of mud and sand over the top of another. The lowest layer contains the (2) the (3) latest earliest fossils while the highest layer contains fossils. A sequence of fossils is called a (4) Fossil records suggest organisms evolve from (5) fossil record simple (化石紀錄). to (6) complex life forms over millions of years. Shell fossil Trilobite (三葉蟲) fossil Dinosaur fossil Go To … Practical 25.1 Examination of fossil records (Student’s Book 3 p.256; Activity Book 3 p.135) STS connection 25.1 Extinct organisms (Student’s Book 3 p.257; Activity Book 3 p.138) Section concept diagram (Student’s Book 3 p.257) E 25.2 How can evolution be explained? (Book 3, p.260) The process of evolution can be explained by the theory of (7) selection Natural selection is the (8) (9) (自然選擇) elimination natural which was proposed by Charles Darwin (達爾文) (18091882). preservation of favourable variations and the of unfavourable variations. Natural selection allows those organisms with favourable variations to (10) (‘survival of the fittest’ 適者生存) and (11) reproduce survive . On the other hand, those individuals with unfavourable variations will compete less well and will be less likely to breed. 112 Certificate Biology - New Mastering Basic Concepts Oxford University Press 2005 Class: Name: ( ) Date: Darwin illustrated the evolution of the neck of giraffes by his theory of natural selection: 1 In a population of giraffes, some have long necks and some have short necks. When the (1) food supply is enough, neck length is not important for the survival of the giraffes. 2 When the weather becomes dry for a long time, no grass grows on the ground. Short-necked giraffes will die. A (2) long neck becomes a favourable variation for survival. It allows giraffes to get leaves from tree tops. 3 (3) Long-necked (4) offspring giraffes survive and pass this characteristic on to their . Certificate Biology - New Mastering Basic Concepts Oxford University Press 2005 113 Class: Name: ( ) Date: Significance of variation (Book 3, p.261) Variations provide the (1) Variations cause some individuals to be better (2) raw material others and reduce the chances of (3) for evolution. adapted extinction to the environment than of the entire species when there is a change in the environment. An example of natural selection (Book 3, p.261) The case of (4) peppered moths (斑點蛾) in England is a good example of natural selection. The peppered moths normally have light-coloured body and wings. After the Industrial Revolution (工業革命), the (5) mutant (突變型) form, which has a dark-coloured body and wings, has greatly increased in number. Explanation of the increased occurrence of the mutant form: 1 Before industrialization, the (6) normal form of moths on the light-coloured tree trunks was hard to see. The mutant moths were easily seen and eaten by birds. 2 During industrialization, the tree trunks were (7) darkened by the smoke and soot released from the factories. The normal form became easier for birds to see and eat. The (8) mutant form was left to survive and reproduce. 3 Therefore, much greater numbers of mutant moths are present in polluted areas. 114 Certificate Biology - New Mastering Basic Concepts Oxford University Press 2005 Class: Name: ( ) Date: Go To … STS connection 25.2 The work of Darwin and Wallace (Student’s Book 3 p.261; Activity Book 3 p.141) STS connection 25.3 Misuse of antibiotics and evolution of resistant bacteria (Student’s Book 3 p.262; Activity Book 3 p.143) Quick check (Student’s Book 3 p.262) Section concept diagram (Student’s Book 3 p.263) Review (Student’s Book 3 p.263) Summary concept diagram (Student’s Book 3 p.264) Note: Misuse of antibiotics often leads to evolution of resistance in bacteria. Whenever bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic, only the resistant forms are selected to survive and reproduce. Therefore, the offspring become resistant to that type of antibiotic and may cause deadly diseases. To limit the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the use of antibiotics should be reduced and the treatment course must be completed when one is taking antibiotics. Certificate Biology - New Mastering Basic Concepts Oxford University Press 2005 115 Class: Name: ( ) Date: Practice question There are two varieties of moths, light form and dark form. The light form has light-coloured wings whereas the dark form has dark-coloured wings. After marking the undersides of the wings of a number of each variety with a spot of paint, a biologist released the marked moths to a forest polluted by smoke and soot, and an unpolluted forest. The table below shows the percentage of marked moths caught in the two forests after a few days. Variety Percentage of marked moths caught Polluted forest Unpolluted forest Light form 13% 13.7% Dark form 27.5% 4.7% E a The light form and the dark form belong to the same species of moths. Explain one genetic cause that may lead to this variation in their wing colour. (2 marks) Random fertilization (1m). The random fertilization of gametes, each having a different genetic make-up, produces different combinations of alleles, leading to variation (1m). E b Why were the undersides of the wings marked, but not the upper sides? (1 mark) To keep the camouflage provided by the wings (1m). E c In both forests, only a small percentage of marked moths were caught. Suggest one reason for this. (1 mark) Moved to other areas / eaten by predators. (1m) E d i Which of the varieties of moths could survive better in the polluted forest and the unpolluted forest respectively? (2 marks) Dark form and light form respectively (2m). ii Explain the difference in d i in relation to predation by insect-eating birds. (4 marks) In the polluted forest, the tree trunks are darkened by the pollutants (1m). Light form becomes easier for birds to see and eat while the dark form are able to survive and reproduce (1m). In the unpolluted forest, the tree trunks are light-coloured (1m). The dark form becomes easier for birds to see and eat while the light form can survive and reproduce (1m). Total: 10 marks - END - 116 Certificate Biology - New Mastering Basic Concepts Oxford University Press 2005