Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Social loafing wikipedia , lookup
Belongingness wikipedia , lookup
Communication in small groups wikipedia , lookup
Group dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Social dilemma wikipedia , lookup
False consensus effect wikipedia , lookup
Impression formation wikipedia , lookup
Albert Bandura wikipedia , lookup
Attitude (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Attitude change wikipedia , lookup
SOCIAL THINKING Social psychology: scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another BIG emphasis of social psychology is social cognition (mental processes associated with the ways in which people perceive and react to others) Through social cognition, each person creates a unique perception of reality Explaining behavior: Attribution Attribution: process of explaining the causes of people’s behavior, including ones own, either by crediting the external situation or the person’s internal disposition Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overattribute the behavior of others to internal factors, such as personal disposition (personality traits) When it comes to our own behavior, we are much more aware and sensitive to how our behavior changes with the different situations we encounter, rather than our personality traits alone Do our attitudes influence our actions or do our actions affect our attitudes? Attitudes: beliefs and feelings that predispose our reactions to objects, people and events Social psychologists believe that attitudes are made up of three components: Cognitive Affective Behavioral Our attitudes will influence our actions IF… Outside influences on what we say and do are minimal. The attitude is specifically relevant to the behavior. We are keenly aware of our attitudes. Often however, out attitudes FOLLOW our behavior/actions Foot-in-the-door phenomenon: tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply with a large one Door-in-the-face phenomenon: asking first for a big favor (or one that is likely to be denied), then after being turned down, the askee agrees that request was excessive and asks for something less…something that the person really wanted in the first place Role playing affects attitudes – Zimbardo’s (Stanford) Prison Experiment **Main lesson= the situation affects our behavior even if our behavior is against our morals or how we normally would behave. Cognitive dissonance theory: when people become aware of the inconsistencies (dissonance) between their attitudes and behavior, they become anxious and are motivated to make them consistent Developed by Leon Festinger o o SOCIAL INFLUENCE Social influence: the process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others Social Standards of behavior Social roles – socially defined patterns of behavior that are expected of persons in a given setting or group Social norms – a group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members’ attitudes and behaviors Conformity, Compliance and Obedience Conformity – changing behavior or attitudes in order to follow the beliefs or standards of other people Solomon Asch – Line experiment o What items influence conformity? Size of the group Status of the group Observation of the group Unanimity of the group Reasons for conformity Normative social influence – want to avoid rejection or gain social approval Informative social influence – due to the fact that group may provide valuable information, want to accept the opinions of others Compliance -- adjusting one’s behavior because of an explicit or implicit request o o Obedience – change in behavior in response to the command of someone in a position of authority Stanley Milgram – obedience study What influences obedience? Prestige Presence of others who disobey Personality characteristics Group influence o Social dilemmas – situations in which selfish behavior that benefits individuals in the short run may spell disaster for an entire group in the long run “The prisoner’s dilemma”: 2 people separated immediately after arrested for a serious crime – DA believes they are guilty but lacks evidence – each can either confess or not if they both refuse to confess, each will be convicted of a minor offence and jailed for one year if they both confess, DA will recommend a 5-year sentence If one remains silent and one confesses, DA will allow confessing prisoner to go free, whereas the other will serve the maximum 10-year sentence o Social facilitation: tendency to perform better when in the presence of others…usually occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not difficult or not-yet-mastered tasks o Social loafing: tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when working individually o Deindividuation: being less self-conscious and less restrained in a group situation o Group polarization: enhancement of a groups tendencies – occurs when people in a group discuss attitudes that most favor or oppose o Groupthink: way of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making overrides the possible alternatives o Self-fulfilling prophesy: one person’s belief about others leads one to act in ways that appears to conform to that belief