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Name:____________________________________ Period:______________________Date:_________________ The Byzantine Empire, the spread of Islam, and Russia Video Link: http://bit.ly/ByzantineIslamRus Big Picture: After the fall of Rome, large and small kingdoms appeared in Europe – the largest of which became the Byzantine Empire. Meanwhile, Muslim civilization developed states that touched three continents and produced some of history’s greatest achievements in the arts and sciences. Essential Question: What features characterized the Byzantine Empire? How did Islamic civilization spread to encompass such an extensive empire? What practices or methods were used to spread Islam? Golden Hawk Historians will… Analyze the different social, political, and economic implications of the Byzantine Empire. Evaluate the success of the methods used to spread the Islamic Empire. The Byzantine Empire __________________________________ became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire long after Rome fell. It was in a position to control _____________________ between Asia and Europe. __________________________________________________ ruler of Byzantine, dreamed of restoring the original Roman Empire to include the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. Sent military officials to North Africa and Italy to regain those territories to restore the Roman Empire to its previous glory. After a revolt that destroyed the city, Justinian rebuilt the city – the most important building was the _______________________________________. Justinian’s most important achievement was the establishment of the __________________________________ that reformed and simplified Roman law. Two institutions were central to Byzantine culture – ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________. The ___________________________ was a priest-king who was considered the deputy of Jesus-Christ on earth. The emperor had the responsibility for both ________________________________________________, in effect, uniting the religious and civil spheres. Most Byzantine art, architecture, and literature was based on _________________________________________ religious themes. Most of the human subjects were saints or figures from the Bible. Much of the art was in the form of ________________________________, pictures created with tiny colored tiles of glass, stone, or clay fitted together and cemented in place, that decorated the floors, walls, and ceilings of many Byzantine buildings. In the 700s the use of art in churches deeply divided society. The controversy was over the use of ________________, paintings or sculptures of sacred figures, because some believed that the use of icons was too close to the worship of idols. People who objected the usage of icons were known as ________________________________. Emperor Leo III issued a decree forbidding the use of holy images and ordered their destruction. Others in church objected the destruction of icons because ___________________________________________ read and imagery was helpful for teaching people about Christianity. The _______________________, or church officials, and the Pope were pro-icons. Over time the number of issues that divided the ____________________________________________________ churches grew. In the east the ___________________________ oversaw church law, but did not govern the church, but they recognized the Pope as having special importance but not as a supreme religious leader. Byzantines placed religious authority in ______________________________ where church officials met to settle major issues. The differences became so large that a _________________________________, or split, occurred between the churches in the east and west, The church in the east became the _____________________________________________ and the church in the west remained the ________________________________________________. For many years, the _________________________________ had been threatening the empire and overtime Islam, pressure from migrating tribes, and internal conflict and corruption led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire. The ______________________________________, from the Middle East, conquered the Byzantine army and later Constantinople fell to the attackers who renamed it _____________________________. The Origins of Islam ___________________________ was started by a prophet named _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________, also known as Muhammad, in Mecca. Muhammad grew up a spiritual boy who constantly prayed and reflected on spiritual matters. He reported that he got many messages from an angel who commanded him to speak revelations from _____________________________ – God. Muhammad shared the messages from the angel that included that Allah was the one and only true God and instructions on how to live. The followers of Islam became known as ___________________________________. He recited the revelations from the angel of Allah to his followers who recorded them into the ______________________________, the sacred text of Islam. The Qu’ran lays out the five basic acts of worship called the __________________________________________: profession of _____________________, performance of five daily ______________________, giving of alms or _____________________________ to the poor, ____________________________ during Ramadan, and taking a ________________________ or pilgrimage to Mecca. Also included in the Qu’ran is _________________________________, or “struggle for faith,” it means the struggle to defend the Muslim community and convert others to Islam. Islam After Muhammad’s Death When Muhammad died he did not name a successor, although one of the earliest converts to Islam ______________________________ was chosen to be the first ___________________________, or successor. He focused on building up strong fighting forces to unite and expand the many Muslim Bedouin tribes. The Islamic forces defeated the Persian Empire in Iraq before turning toward the Byzantine Empire who they defeated quickly, the _______________________________________, or area ruled by a caliph, stretched from Northern Africa to Persia. Tensions amongst the Islamic followers formed over whether Abu Bakr or Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, should be caliph. When a new caliph had to be chosen it was not Ali but Uthman supported by the strong ______________________________ clan, however, they were unpopular and Uthman was assassinated and Ali became caliph. However, it was not long before Ali was killed and the Umayyad’s retook power, those who accepted the Umayyads became known as __________________________, while Ali’s supporters became known as the _________________________. The Spread of Islam Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread before internal problems led to their fall. Umayyad’s strengthened their control by establishing __________________________ as the official language and making _______________________________ uniform throughout the empire. During their rule they constructed the most famous work of Islamic architecture ____________________________________________________________ in Jerusalem. Muslim armies conquered territories from ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________. The conquests spread the Muslim faith and many of the conquered people ________________________ to Islam. Islam generally allowed ____________________________________________, especially for Christians and Jews, however, they did have to _____________________________________. The Umayyad’s strengthened the central government, however, Arab Muslims became the ruling class which went against Muslim ideas of _______________________________________. The Shia, opposition to the Sunni Umayyad empire, led by the Abbasids united many of the Umayyad opponents believing that they would lead to a return to _______________________________________. The __________________________________ emerged and moved the capitol of the Islamic Empire to Baghdad. Under the Umayyad’s Islam had primarily been appealing to Arabs but the Abbasid’s invited all peoples to join. They primarily spread Islam through _____________________________ which allowed Islam to spread as far as West Africa and Southeast Asia. Muslim empires were threatened by Christian armies who waged a war against Islam hoping to make the land they occupied Christian, the wars became known as the ____________________________________________. Amongst the peoples of the caliphate were many non-Arabs including the _____________________________, who were Sunni Muslims. They rose to power and took control of Baghdad. After defeating the Abbasid’s they went on to defeat the Byzantines and create their own empire. The remaining parts of the caliphate was attacked by the Mongols from Asia that destroyed the city and killed the Abbasid caliph. While the Islamic empire was over, the impact of Islam spread well beyond the Middle East into Africa, Spain, and Southeast Asia. Islamic Society and Academic Achievement Society Islamic texts provided ________________________________ on how Muslims should deal with many issues including family life and the economy. The _______________________ was the main social unit in Muslim society with the man at the head of the family. Men could have ___________________________________ only if they treated them all equally. Laws sought to protect the rights of ________________________________________________. Economic life of the Muslim community was built largely on ______________________________. Muslim traders expanded trade through the use of __________________________________, standardized weights and measures, as well as the use of credit Academic Achievement Most of the learning took place in Baghdad where scholars learned from texts created by ____________________________________________________________________________________. They made _____________________ translations that eventually made their way to _______________________________. One of the main fields Muslim scholars explored was ________________________________________ and they built large observatories to watch the sky. Muslims perfected the __________________________________, an instrument for finding the positions and movements of stars and planets that assisted with ___________________________________________. Muslim doctors had to pass __________________ in order to be able to practice. Their most significant achievements were in the fields of _______________________________. Islamic Art, Architecture, and Literature Islamic Art and Architecture Most Muslim art was in the form wood, metal, ceramics, and textiles. They believed human or animal figures would lead to ________________________________. They used __________________________________________________ and floral designs. __________________________, beautifully designed writing, was used to produce copies of the Qu’ran. Muslim architecture usually featured ______________________________, tall towers from which Muslims were called to prayer, and domes. Muslim Literature The most significant piece of Muslim literature is the ______________________________. One of the most famous works was the ______________________________ that tells how a beautiful young woman saved herself and other women from a murderous caliph by withholding the end of her story. The stories were collected over time and many different cultures. Many of the stories still appear in movies and other forms of popular literature. Russia The __________________ were hunter-gatherers that inhabited modern day Russia and the Ukraine. The record has it that they were primarily fighting amongst themselves before receiving help from northern Europeans called the __________________. The Rus brought order to the Slav’s and united the entire region that became known as Kiev. The Rus defeated the Byzantines at Constantinople. The Slavs practiced a native __________________________________ religion based on nature, but after the attack at Constantinople two Greek monks travel to the Slavic region to convert the Slavs to ___________________________________________. They developed a written alphabet for the Slavonic language based primarily on the Greek alphabet called ____________________________________________________. ___________________________________ was baptized as a Christian and married the sister of a Byzantine emperor giving him a political advantage with the Byzantine Empire. Vladimir spread ________________________________ throughout Russia. After the schism Russia joined with the __________________________________ in Constantinople. The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, swept across Asia creating an immense empire. The __________________________ defeated the Rus but left the church intact.