Download The Immune System and Disease

The Immune System and Disease
I.
Infectious Disease
A. disease:
1.
definition:
2.
may be inherited (ex. hemophilia)
3.
may be caused by materials in the environment (ex. cancer)
4.
may be caused by _____________ (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
B. agents of disease
1.
bacteria destroy cells or release _____________________
2.
protists, fungi, and worms are parasites
3.
viruses use a host cell to make copies of the viral DNA
C. diseases are spread through coughing, sneezing, physical contact, contaminated
water/food, or infected animals
1.
________: animals that carry disease-causing organism from person to person
2.
sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s): passed through sexual contact
D. Fighting infections
1.
prevention/avoidance
2.
_______________: compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of
animals by interfering with the cellular processes of the bacteria
3.
________________: injection of weakened or killed pathogens
II.
The Immune System
A. Nonspecific defenses – ____________________________________
1.
first line of defense
i. few microbes can penetrate the dead cells of the ______________
ii. oil and sweat create an ________ environment that kills bacteria
iii. mucus in nose and throat trap __________
iv. cilia in throat push viruses away from the lungs
v. stomach acid and digestive enzymes destroy _____________
vi. mucus, saliva, sweat, and tears contain ______________ that breaks down
bacterial cell walls
2.
__________________________
i. inflammatory response:
- triggered when pathogens DO enter your body and release toxins
- a reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
ii. blood vessels near the wound expand, and white blood cells (wbc) leak out
to enter the infected tissues
iii. ____________________(wbc) engulf and destroy bacteria
iv. wbc’s are produced in large amounts to help fight infection
v. body releases chemicals to increase temperature to kill pathogens = fever
3.
___________________: inhibit the synthesis of viral proteins and help block
viral replication
B. Specific defenses = immune response
1.
______________: substance that triggers an immune response
2.
humoral response: immunity against pathogens in the body fluids
i. __________________ (wbc) called B cells produce antibodies, proteins that
destroy pathogens
ii. phagocytes are attracted to the antibody-antigen cluster