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Objective 9 Leukocytes A. Normal Values – less than 1% of total blood volume (rememebr the picture of the test tube!) Adults: 4800 – 10,800 leukocytes /mm3 blood (higher values in newborns, infants and children) B. Structure: are nucleated contain organelles diameters range from 8 – 24 m may contain cytoplasmic granules (agranulocytes vs. granulocytes) Granulocyte Agranulocyte In what structural ways are leukocytes different than erythrocytes? In what functional ways are leukocytes different than erythrocytes? Where do they do their jobs? Diapedesis – leukocytes leave capillary and enter tissue Chemotaxis – follow chemical signals to site of infection in the tissue C. Leukocyte Classes Granulocytes: Neutrophil (also called a polymorphonuclear cell) diameter = 10-12 m cytoplasmic granules stain pale lavender lobed nuclei (3-6 lobes) % of total leukocytes: 50-70% Granules contain lysosomal enzymes and defensins Neutrophils are quick acting phagocytes (1st responders) Typical Neutrophil They are quick but weak! Immature Cell - Band Eosinophil diameter = 10-14 m large granules which stain red (major basic protein) bilobed nucleus represent 2-4% of the total WBC count Granules contain digestive enzymes Are antiparasitic Phagocytize immune complexes Anti-allergy Basophil diameter = 8-10m large granules which stain blue U or S shaped nucleus 0.5 – 1% of total WBC Granules contain: histamine which induces inflammation and vasodilation heparin an anticoagulant 2. Agranuloctes: lack visible cytoplasmic granules Lymphocyte: diameter 5-8 m (small), 10-12 m (medium) or 14-17 m (large) 20-25 % of the total WBC count large, deep blue or slightly indented nucleus thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm T lymphocyte (T cells) fight antigens directly B lymphocytes (B cells) divide to produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies Monocytes diameter = 18 m nucleus is U shaped or kidney shaped abundant pale blue cytoplasm 3 – 8 % of the total WBC Are phagocytes – slow but strong Develop into macrophages when they migrate into connective tissue Leukopoiesis is the production of leukocytes all leukocytes can be made in red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts lymphocytes can be made in either red bone marrow or lymphoid tissues the production of lymphocytes is stimulated by interleukins and by colony stimulating factors (CSFs) Objective 10 Leukopenia White Blood Cell Disorders circulating WBC count <4000/mm3 blood in adults increases the susceptibility to infection causes include bone marrow depression or destruction, often due to drugs, radiation, infection, or autoimmune conditions Leukocytosis circulating WBC count is >11,000/mm3 blood in affected adults; is accompanied by bleeding, weight loss, liver/spleen/lymph node enlargement or immunosupression; suspect primary bone marrow disease causes include infection, inflammation, malignancy, allergic reactions, autoimmune disorders, genetic disorder, extreme stress, other causes Leukemia Cancer in which an excessive number of white blood cells is produced Classification: Acute disease progresses rapidly Chronic disease progresses slowly Myelocytic involves cells in the myeloid pathway Lymphocytic involves cells in the lymphocytic pathway Causes: cancer in which an abnormally high number of WBCs are produced Symptoms anemia, fever, bruising/bleeding, bone pain Acute lymphocytic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Infectious Mononucleosis B lymphocytes are infected and proliferate in an uncontrolled manner signs include sore throat, fever, enlarged lymph nodes. Enlarged spleen, lethargy, fatigue cause: Epstein Barr Virus Objective 11 Platelets A. Structure are cell fragments discoid in shape; diameter is 2-4 m major internal proteins are actin and myosin What are actin and myosin used for? contraction cytoplasmic storage granules: granules dense granules contain fibrinogen, factor V, factor VII, von Willibrands factor, platelet factor 4 and PDGF contain serotonin, Ca2+, adenosine nucleotides (ATP and APD), thromboxane A2 (a prostaglandin) B. Function: Hemostasis C. Platelet Production platelets are produced in red bone marrow from megakaryotyctes Production is regulated by thrombopoietin and interleukins Production takes 4-5 days; life span is 5-10 days Average adult values: 150,000-400,000/mm3 blood An additional 1/3rd is stored in the spleen