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The Roman Republic Chapter Ten 1. Describe some of Italy’s physical features • • • • In the north are the Alps mountains Apennines mountains Volcanoes Tiber River 2. Describe Italy’s climate • Warm, dry summers • Mild, rainy winters 3. How did Rome’s location affect its early history? • Built cities on hilltops for defense • Rivers for plenty of water • A good climate (weather) for growing plenty of crops, lots of food equals lots of people 4. Who was Aeneas and what did he do? • He was a great Trojan hero, when the Greeks destroyed Troy he left and went to Italy • There he found the “Latins” and formed an alliance with them • He married the Latin kings daughter and their descendants were rulers of Italy 5. Describe the legend of Romulus and Remus • They were twin brothers thrown in to the Tiber River at birth and rescued by a wolf and took care of them • After they grew up they decided to build a city in the spot where the wolf found them • While planning the city Remus made fun of Romulus, so Romulus killed Remus and named the city after himself (Rome) 6. Describe Rome’s early kings • Seven early kings • three were Etruscans (people north of Rome), they built temples and sewers and taught the Romans the alphabet and numbers • The last early king killed a lot of people and made everyone mad so they overthrew him and created a new government 7. Define republic • People elect leaders to govern them • Rome became this in 509 BC • The officials were elected every year, they were wealthy and powerful men 8. Define dictators • Rulers with almost absolute power • Rome chose to be ruled by dictators after being in many wars, but they were only in power for 6 months at a time 9. Who was Cincinnatus? • One of Rome’s most famous dictators who came in to power in 458 BC • He helped Rome defeat its enemies but had no desire to keep power and resigned early • Cincinnati, Ohio is named after him 10. Who were the plebeians? • Common people in Rome, most of the population • Peasants, craftspeople, traders • They wanted more say in how Rome was run • Gained right to participate in government • Became wealthy (some were just as rich as the patricians) 11. Who were the patricians? • Rome’s nobles • They ran Rome, they were the only ones who could be elected to office, so they held all the power • Small group of people • After 218 BC not allowed to participate in trade or commerce 12. Who were the magistrates and consuls? • Magistrates were officials, they were elected every year to be judges or managed finances or organize games and festivals • The two most powerful magistrates were called consuls, they were elected every year to run the city and lead the army 13. Describe the Roman Senate • A council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city’s leaders • Held office for life • Had 300 members, mostly patricians • Some wealthy plebeians could be senators • Magistrates became senators after their one year term was up • The senate was more powerful than the magistrates 14. What were the jobs of the assemblies and Tribunes? • Represented the common people, approved or rejected laws, declared war, elected magistrates • Roman citizens could take part in assemblies all their adult lives, tribunes served one year • Could veto the decisions of consuls and other magistrates 15. Define veto • Prohibit or “I forbid” • Tribunes could VETO actions by other officials 16. What language did Romans speak? • Latin 17. What were the Romans civic duty? • To participate in government • Doing what they could to make sure the city prospered • Attend assembly meetings and to vote in elections • To hold public office to help run the city 18. What are checks and balances? • Methods to balance power • Keeps any one part of a government from becoming stronger or more influential than the others • The United States government has checks and balances between the judicial (courts), legislative (congress), and executive (president) branches 19. Describe the Roman Forum • Rome’s public meeting place • Where the Law of the Twelve Tables was kept • Site of important government buildings and temples • People also met here to shop, chat and gossip • Like the Greek agora and like Washington D.C. in the United States 20. Define legions • Groups of up to 6,000 soldiers • Each legion was divided in to centuries (groups of 100 soldiers) • This organization allowed the army to be very flexible, helped Rome defeat most of its enemies 21. How was Rome’s farming and trade successful? • Rome made small farms in to larger farms, ran by slaves and grew one or two crops • To make trade easier they made coins out of copper, silver and other metals and traded all over the Mediterranean 22. What were the Punic Wars? • A series of fierce wars between Rome and Carthage (a city in northern Africa) • Three wars between the years 264 and 146 BC • One battle fought on the island of Sicily, Rome won this battle and took over Sicily • Hannibal (brilliant leader of Carthage) tried to lead a battle against Rome, but Rome invaded Carthage and ended up taking control over Northern Africa 23. What were some places Rome had taken over by the 100’s AD? • • • • • Sicily, Corsica, Spain, North Africa Gaul (now France) Greece Parts of Asia Minor Macedonia 24. Who were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus? • Brothers that served as tribunes • Tiberius wanted to give farms to poor Romans, but the wealthy citizens were mad about it and rioted and killed him • Gaius wanted to give food to the poor Romans and that also angered rich Romans and he was killed for his beliefs • These killings led Romans to believe they could use violence to get rid of leaders they didn’t like 25. Who were Marius and Sulla? • Marius was a consul who encouraged poor, unemployed Romans to join the army (before this only people who owned land could join the army). He was a good general and his troops were loyal to him • Sulla was a consul who came in to conflict with Marius and caused a civil war in Rome. Sulla defeats Marius and named himself dictator and punished his enemies 26. Who was Spartacus? • He was a former gladiator who led thousands of slaves in a revolt for freedom. • They defeated the Roman army and took over much of southern Italy • Killed in battle and his followers were executed