Download OVERVIEW OF VEINS OF THE BODY

OVERVIEW OF VEINS OF THE BODY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to;
• Describe the organization of the venous system of the body
• Express the great veins opening in to the heart
• Discuss the distribution of the veins in the respective region
• Describe the applied aspect related to the topic
 VEINS
Convey the blood from the capillaries of the different parts of the body to the
heart.
Vein color is determined in large part by the color of venous blood, which
is usually dark red as a result of its low oxygen content. Veins appear blue
because the subcutaneous fat absorbs low frequency light, permitting only
the highly energetic blue wavelengths to penetrate through to the dark vein
and reflect off.
They have valves which prevent the backflow of blood
VENOUS SYSTEM
 Vena Cavae –
Large vessels that collect blood from the veins of the body and
return it to the right atrium.
 Superior vena cava – drains head, neck, shoulder and arms.
 Inferior vena cava – drains rest of the body.
Major veins
 Head, neck and shoulder:
 Internal Jugular – drains face and neck
 External jugular – superficial face and neck
 Brachiocephalic – shoulder
 Subclavian – shoulder
 Axillary - armpit
 Draining the arms - all merge into the subclavian:
 Brachial – upper arm
 Basilic – medial superficial upper arm
 Cephalic – lateral superficial upper arm
 Radial – lateral forearm and hand
 Ulnar – medial forearm and hand
 Draining the lower body:
 Hepatic – liver
 Renal – kidneys
 Common iliac – leg and lower abdomen
 Femoral - thigh
 Greater saphenous – foot, leg, and thigh
 Popliteal – knee
 Anterior and posterior tibial – lower leg and
foot
Hepatic portal circulation
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Route of blood flow through the liver.
Veins from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder
and intestines do not empty into the inferior vena cava
but instead send blood to the liver via the Hepatic
Portal Vein.
Blood then leaves the liver through the hepatic veins
and into the inferior vena cava.
Two sets of veins
 Pulmonary Veins

Unlike other veins, contain arterial blood, which
they return from the lungs to the left atrium of the
heart.
Systemic Veins
Return the venous blood from the body
generally to the right atrium of the heart.

Portal Vein
It is a vein in the abdominal cavity that drains blood
from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.
This vessel ramifies in the substance of the liver and
there breaks up into a minute network of capillary-like
vessels, from which the blood is conveyed by the
hepatic veins to the inferior vena cava.
Systemic veins
 The systemic venous channels are
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subdivided into three sets
Superficial
Deep veins
Venous sinuses
Superficial veins
 The Superficial Veins (cutaneous veins) are
found between the layers of the superficial
fascia immediately beneath the skin; they return
the blood from these structures, and
communicate with the deep veins by perforating
the deep fascia.
Deep veins
 The Deep Veins accompany the arteries, and are usually enclosed in the
same sheaths with those vessels. With the smaller arteries—as the radial,
unlar, brachial, tibial, peroneal—they exist generally in pairs, one lying on each
side of the vessel, and are called venæ comitantes.
Venous sinuses
 Venous Sinuses are found only in the interior of the skull, and
consist of canals formed by a separation of the two layers of the
dura mater; their outer coat consists of fibrous tissue, their inner of
an endothelial layer continuous with the lining membrane of the
veins
Divisions of systemic veins
 The systemic veins may be arranged into three groups:
 (1) Veins of the heart.
 (2) Veins of the upper extremities, head, neck, and thorax, which
end in the superior vena cava.
 (3) Veins of the lower extremities, abdomen, and pelvis, which
end in the inferior vena cava
Cardiac veins
 Coronary sinus tributaries
 Anterior cardiac veins
 Small cardiac veins
VEINS OF THE HEAD
 The veins of the head and neck may be
subdivided into three groups:
 (1)Veins of exterior of the head and
face.
 (2)Veins of the neck.
 (3)Diploic veins, the veins of the
brain, and the venous sinuses of the
dura mater
The Veins of the Neck
 External jugular vein
 Internal jugular vein
 Vertebral vein
 Deep cervical vein
VEINS OF THE UPPER
EXTREMITY
The veins of the upper extremity are divided into two
sets,
 Superficial
 Deep
These anastomose frequently with each other. The
superficial veins are placed immediately beneath the
integument between the two layers of superficial
fascia. The deep veins accompany the arteries, and
constitute the venæ comitantes of those vessels
The Superficial Veins of the Upper Extremity
 The superficial veins of the upper extremity are
the
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Digital
Metacarpal
Cephalic
Basilic
Median.
The Deep Veins of the Upper
Extremity
 Deep veins follow the course of the
arteries. They are generally arranged in
pairs, and are situated one on either
side of the corresponding artery, and
connected short transverse branches.
 Brachial veins
 Axillary veins
 Subclavian veins
Brachiocephalic veins
 Brachiocephalic veins
 Are two large trunks,
 Placed one on either side of
the root of the neck
 Formed by the union of the
internal jugular and
subclavian veins of the
corresponding side
 They are devoid of valves.
Superior Vena Cava
 Carries deoxygenated blood from the
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upper half of the body to the heart's right
atrium
No valve separates the superior vena
cava from the right atrium
About 7cm in length
Begins at the level of 1st right costal
cartilage
Formed from:
Right brachiocephalic vein.
Left brachiocephalic vein.
Receives:
Azygos vein.
Veins of the lower extremity
 Superficial veins
Dorsal venous arch
Great saphenous vein
Small saphenous vein
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Deep veins
Planter digital veins
Posterior tibial vein
Popliteal vein
Femoral vein
Deep femoral vein
External iliac vein
Great saphenous vein
 Great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater saphenous vein, is the
large (subcutaneous) superficial vein of the leg and thigh.
 Originates from where the dorsal vein of the first digit (the large
toe) merges with the dorsal venous arch of the foot.
 It joins with the femoral vein in the region of the femoral triangle at
the saphenofemoral junction
Popliteal vein
 Popliteal Vein is formed by the
junction of the anterior and
posterior tibial veins at the lower
border of the Popliteus
 Ascends through the popliteal
fossa to the aperture in the
Adductor magnus, where it
becomes the femoral vein
FEMORAL VEIN
 Accompanies the femoral artery through the upper two-thirds of
the thigh.
 In the lower part of its course it lies lateral
to the artery; higher up, it is behind it; and
at the inguinal ligament, it lies on its medial
side, and on the same plane.
 It becomes the external iliac vein after
crossing the inguinal ligament
EXTERNAL ILIAC VEIN
 The upward continuation of the femoral
vein, begins behind the inguinal ligament,
and, passing upward along the brim of the
lesser pelvis, ends opposite the sacroiliac
articulation, by uniting with the internal iliac
vein to form the common iliac vein.
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
 Returns to the heart the blood
from the parts below the
diaphragm. It is formed by the
junction of the two common iliac
veins, on the right side of the fifth
lumbar vertebra.
Tributaries of Inferior vena cava
The inferior vena cava receives the
following veins:
Lumbar.
Renal.
Inferior Phrenic
Right Spermatic or Ovarian.
Suprarenal.
Hepatic.
Varicose veins
 Blood in veins flows back to heart at very low
pressure, often running uphill when a person
is standing
 Flow against gravity allowed by one-way
valves
• several centimeters apart in veins
 Veins with defective valves (allow the blood to flow backward)
become enlarged or dilated to form varicose veins
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