Download CHAPTER 1 STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTER 1 STUDY GUIDE
1. Name the six major life processes in human beings:
Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Differentiation, Reproduction, Growth
2. Explain the difference between negative feedback systems and positive feedback systems.
Negative FB systems will REVERSE a stimulus that is affecting the body, while a positive
FB system will ENHANCE it.
3. Match the following organs/structures with the appropriate body system:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
liver Digestive System
thymus Immune System (could also be Endocrine System)
aorta Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System
testes Reproductive System (could also be Endocrine System)
ureters Urinary (Excretory) System
hair follicles Integumentary System
quadriceps Muscular System
optic nerve Nervous System
salivary glands Digestive System
trachea Respiratory System
4. Match the appropriate body system with the following descriptions:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
fights disease and infection Immune System
transports oxygen and nutrients Circulatory System
exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen Respiratory System
regulates body temperature Integumentary System
primary body system that maintains homeostasis by way of
nerve impulses Nervous System
f. synthesizes and releases hormones Endocrine System
g. maintains posture Muscular & Skeletal Systems
5. Name the elements/compounds that are important in the human body:
Elements - Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Iron, Sodium, Potassium
Molecules/Compounds – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Water
6. Provide a general sketch of how a feedback system (either negative or positive) would
maintain homeostasis:
FEEDBACK LOOP
CONTROL CENTER
RECEPTOR
STIMULUS
EFFECTOR
RESPONSE
7. Provide the proper anatomical terms for the following structures:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
wrist bones CARPAL
shoulder ACROMIAL
breastbone STERNAL
thigh/leg FEMORAL/CRURAL
mouth ORAL
cheek BUCCAL
head CEPHALIC
knee PATELLAR
ankle TARSAL
fingers/toes DIGITAL/PHALANGEAL
8. Name the 2 main body cavities:
Ventral (on the front), and Dorsal (on the back)
9. What are the sub-cavities of the dorsal cavity? (include the organs found there)
Cranial Cavity (Brain), Vertebral/Spinal Cavity (spinal cord & nerve endings)
10. What are the sub-cavities of the ventral cavity? (include the organs found there)
Thoracic Cavity – Heart & Lungs
Abdominopelvic Cavity – Digestive Viscera (viscera is a ‘collective’ name for a lot of
organs), the bladder, and sex organs
11. What are the 3 sub-categories of the thoracic cavity? What organs do they hold?
Pericardial Cavity – Heart
Pleural Cavity – Lungs
Mediastinum – Esophagus, Trachea, Blood Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Thyroid & Thymus
Glands
12. What are the 2 sub-categories of the abdominopelvic cavity? What organs do they hold?
Abdominal Cavity – Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Small Intestines, Large
Intestines, Kindeys, Spleen
Pelvic Cavity – Parts of the Small & Large Intestines, Bladder, Sex Organs
13. Name the 3 types of planes used to dissect organs. Describe what sections result from
each of these planes:
Sagittal Plane – separates the organ into right/left sections
Transverse Plane – separates the organ into top (superior)/bottom (inferior) sections
Frontal (Coronal) Plane – separates the organ into front (anterior)/back (posterior) sections
14. Correctly complete each statement by choosing the appropriate anatomical term fort the
key. Record the key letters and/or terms on the correspondingly numbered blanks
below:
KEY:
a.
b.
c.
d.
anterior
distal
frontal
inferior
e. lateral
f. medial
g. posterior
h. proximal
i. sagittal
j. superior
k. transverse
In the anatomical position, the face and palms are on the __1__ body surface; the
buttocks and shoulder blades are on the __2__ body surface; and the top of the head is
the most __3___ part of the body. The ears are __4__ and __4__ to the shoulders and
__5__ to the nose. The heart is __6__ to the vertebral column (spine) and __7__ to the
lungs. The elbow is __8__ to the fingers but __9__ to the shoulder. The abdominopelvic
cavity is __10__ to the thoracic cavity and __11__ to the spinal cavity. In humans, the
dorsal surface can also be called the __12__ surface. If an incision cuts the heart into
right and left parts, the section is a __13__ surface, but if the heart is cut so that the
superior and inferior portions result, the section is a __14__ section. If you are told to
cut a dissection animal along two planes so that the kidneys are observable in both
sections, the two sections that you would use are the __15__ and __16__ sections.
1. Anterior (Ventral)
4. Lateral & Superior
7. Intermediate
2. Posterior (Dorsal)
5. Lateral
8. Proximal
3. Superior
6. Anterior
9. Distal
10. Inferior
13. Sagittal
11. Anterior
14. Transverse
12. Posterior
15/16. Frontal & Transverse
15. The mouth, or buccal cavity, and its extension, which stretches through the body inside
the digestive system, is not listed as an internal body cavity. Why is this so?
It is not a body cavity because it has an opening at the mouth as well as an opening at the
end (anus). Body cavities do not open up to the exterior environment.
16. What are the functions of the internal body cavities such as the pericardium and the
pleural cavity?
These cavities provide additional protection for the organs that they cover. They also help to
reduce friction when organs slide along one another.
17. Which organ systems are not represented by any of the body cavities?
Integumentary System, Muscular System, Skeletal System