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Lecture Notes
Classroom Activity to
Accompany Medical
Terminology Systems, Sixth
Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding
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Endocrine
System
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure
• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Pineal and thymus
glands
• Ovaries and testes
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Function
• Together with nervous system, the
endocrine system controls many intricate
activities of the body.
• Monitors, interprets, and reacts to changes
in the body and the external environment.
• Maintains homeostasis.
• Produces and discharges hormones into
bloodstream.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
Q: What is a target organ?
A: It is the organ or tissue that responds to a
hormone.
Q: What are common conditions that result in
various pathologies of the endocrine system?
A: Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of a hormone.
Q: Why is the pituitary known as a master gland?
A: Regulates many body activities; stimulates other
glands to secrete specific hormones.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Graves Disease
Signs and Symptoms
• Exophthalmos.
• Common form of
hyperthyroidism.
• Production of
thyroid hormone
increases.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Graves Disease
Signs and Symptoms
(continued)
•Enlarged thyroid
(goiter).
•Elevated metabolic
rate, abnormal
weight loss, and
muscular weakness.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: Mary is diagnosed with Graves disease and is concerned about the abnormal
protrusion of her eyeballs. The doctor explains it is a common symptom of
Graves disease and the protruding eyeballs is a condition called __________.
A: exophthalmus
Q: The patient is scheduled for an excision of her thyroid gland. This surgical
procedure is charted as a ________________.
A: thyroidectomy
Q: Mrs. N presents with hyperthyroidism. She states her mom had Graves disease
and asks about the connection between Graves disease and hyperthyroidism.
A: Graves disease is the most common form of hyperthyroidism.
Q: John is diagnosed with Graves disease and asks why his eyes are protruding?
A: The MA explains that it is due to an accumulation of cellular material behind
the eyeballs, which is stimulated by hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating
hormone.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Cushing Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
• Hypersecretion of adrenal
cortex, mainly cortisol.
• Round, “moon-shaped”
face with acne.
• Muscle weakness, purple
striated marks on skin,
and hirsutism.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Cushing Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms (continued)
• Syndrome causes changes in multiple body
systems.
• Head and trunk grossly exaggerated, with
pencil-thin arms and legs.
• “Buffalo” hump on upper back, peptic ulcer,
hypertension, susceptibility to infection.
• Anxiety and depression.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Cushing Syndrome
Treatment
• Restore concentration of serum cortisol to normal
levels.
• Varies according to the etiology.
• Drugs or radiation to suppress adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH) secretion.
• Total adrenalectomy.
• Life-long treatments of cortisol replacement therapy.
• Surgery, followed by chemotherapy, when the
syndrome is caused by tumors of the adrenal cortex.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: Mary is diagnosed with Cushing syndrome and learns it is caused by a
tumor in her adrenal cortex. She is told the recommended treatment is
surgery, followed by chemotherapy. The surgery to remove the adrenal
gland(s) is known as _______________________.
A: adrenalectomy
Q: Nancy presents with complaints of puffiness and water retention. The
nurse explains that sodium retention causes increased fluid in tissues. The
swelling is called ________.
A: edema
Q: Jane is diagnosed with Cushing syndrome. The physician explains the goal
of treatment is to restore concentration of normal levels of the principal
steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. This hormone is known
as (calcitonin, cortisol, oxytocin).
A: cortisol
Q: The doctor explains one of the complications of untreated Cushing
syndrome is elevated blood pressure. The medical term for this
complication is ________________________.
A: hypertension
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Medical Vocabulary
• exophthalmos
• hirsutism
• hormones
• Anterior and
posterior pituitary
gland hormones and
their target organs
as shown in the
illustration.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Medical Vocabulary
(continued)
• hyperglycemia
• infectious
• menopause
• metabolism
• myxedema
• osteoporosis
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Medical Vocabulary
(continued)
• pheochromocytoma
• pituitarism
• polydipsia
• thymoma
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures
• Fasting blood glucose (FBG)
• Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
• Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
• Thyroid function test (TFT)
• Total calcium
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Word Building Exercise
Q: Blood condition of deficient calcium:
A: hypocalcemia
Q: Blood condition of excessive calcium:
A: hypercalcemia
Q: Tumor of thymus gland:
A: thymoma
Q: Enlargement of the thyroid gland:
A: thyromegaly
Q: Blood condition of excessive glucose:
A: hyperglycemia
Q: Urine that contains sugar:
A: glycosuria
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Adrenalectomy
• Lobectomy
• Thymectomy
• Thyroidectomy
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: The physician diagnosed Mrs J with thymoma and informs her that it needs to
be excised. The surgical procedure to excise the thymus is called ___________.
A: thymectomy
Q: John is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and is informed that excision of one
lobe of the thyroid will stabilize his condition. The surgical procedure to
remove a lobe is called _______________.
A: lobectomy
Q: A patient undergoes biopsy that reveals a malignant tumor of the adrenal
gland. This cancerous tumor is charted as an adrenal ________________.
A: carcinoma
Q: John undergoes an MRI that reveals a rare tumor of the adrenal glands
composed of chromaffin cells. This type of tumor is known as a (cytoma,
pheochromocytoma, sarcoma).
A: pheochromocytoma
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pharmacology
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
• Insulins
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: Mary is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. To control her blood sugar levels,
the physician prescribes (corticosteroids, insulin, thyroid hormones).
A: insulin
Q: Susan is in menopause. To control her symptoms of hot flashes and vaginal
dryness, the physician prescribes an oral synthetic hormone of (calcium,
estrogen, testosterone).
A: estrogen
Q: Tom is postsurgical thyroidectomy. To replace the production of hormones
T3 and T4, the doctor prescribes (calcium, corticosteroids, thyroid
supplements).
A: thyroid supplements
Q: Connie is diagnosed postmenopausal and finds she is at risk for
osteoporosis. Her doctor recommends preventing bone loss by taking a
supplement called (calcium, sodium, thyroid).
A: calcium
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