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Transcript
The Endocrine System – Chapter 9 Glands release hormones Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism Hormones bind to receptors Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act 0 Two Types of Glands ENDOCRINE glands Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream EXOCRINE glands Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body. 1 Glands of the Endocrine System 2 Endocrine System Common conditions that result in various pathologies of the endocrine system. Hypersecretion or Hyposecretion of a hormone 3 Pituitary Gland Known as a master gland Regulates many body activities; stimulates other glands to secrete specific hormones 4 Pituitary Gland 5 Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone – ACTH Promotes secretion of cortisol Hyposecretion rare Hypersecretion causes Cushing’s Disease Follicle Stimulating Hormone – FSH Stimulates ovaries to produce egg and secretion of estrogen Testes in males, stimulates sperm production 6 Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1 Growth Hormone - GH (Somatropin) Hyposecretion in children causes dwarfism Hypersecretion in children causes gigantism Hypersecretion in adults causes acromegaly 7 Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Ovaries in females, promotes ovulation, estrogen and progesterone secretion Testes in males, promotes testosterone secretion Hyposecretion – failure of sexual maturation Hypersecretion – No known effects 8 Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1 Prolactin – promotes lactation Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH) Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone 9 Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – Inceases water reabsorption by the kidney Hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus Hypersecretion causes syndrome on inappropriate antidiuretic hormone(SIADH) 10 11 Combining Forms – page 396 Aden/o Adren/o gland Adrenal/o adrenal glands Calc/o calcium Crin/o secrete 12 13 Adrenal Glands Each gland has two parts outer portion, the adrenal cortex ○ Secretes glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, gonadocorticoids ○ inner portion, adrenal medulla ○ Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids 14 Adrenal Hormones – Table 9-4 Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone). Influences--SUGAR Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences-SALT Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences--SEX 15 Adrenal Hormones – Table 9-4 Two types of catecholamine hormones Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure 16 Combining Forms Gluc/o Glyc/o sugar Pancreat/o pancreas Parathryoid/o parathyroid glands 17 Pancreas Located near and partially behind stomach Exocrine and endocrine organ 18 Parathyroid Glands 19 Pancreatic Hormones – Table 9-5 Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen Hyposecretion causes diabetes mellitus Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells Hyposecretion causes hypoglycemia 20 Parathyroid Hormones – Table 9-3 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Increases reabsorption of Ca from bone to blood. Increases Ca absorption by kidney Increases Ca absorption by small intestine 21 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Hyposecretion causes tetnany Hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica – bones become soft and deformed. 22 Combining Forms Pituitar/o pituitary gland Thym/o thymus gland Thyro/o Thyriod/o thyroid gland 23 Thyroid Gland 24 Thyroid Hormones – Table 9-2 thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate 25 Thyroid Hormones – Table 9-2 Calcitonin – Regulates calcium level in the blood with PTH Secreted when blood calcium levels are high. 26 Thymus Gland 27 Combing Form/Suffixes Toxic/o poison -dipsia thirst -trophy development/nourishment 28 Build Medical Words 1.excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/ 2.pertaining to poisonous activity of the thyroid: / /toxic 3.sugar in urine: /uria 4.blood with excessive or abnormal glucose: / /emia 29 1.excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/dipsia 2.pertaining to poisonous activity of the thyroid: thyr/o/toxic 3.sugar in urine: glycos/uria or glucos/uria 4.blood with excessive or abnormal glucose: hyper/glyc/emia 30 Build Medical Words 5. instrument to measure sugar: /o/ 6. excessive (many, much) urination: poly/ 7. condition of deficient insulin: hypo/ / 8. secrete within (internally): endo/ 31 Build Medical Words 5. instrument to measure sugar: gluc/o/meter 6. excessive (many, much) urination: poly/uria 7. condition of deficient insulin: hypo/insulin/ism 8. secrete within (internally): endo/crine 32 Build Medical Terms 9.specialist in study of poisons: 10. inflammation of the pancreas: 11. enlargement of extremities: 12. tumor of a gland: 33 Build Medical Terms 9.specialist in study of poisons: toxic/o/logist or toxic/o/log/ist 10. inflammation of the pancreas: pancreat/itis 11. enlargement of extremities: acr/o/megaly 12. tumor of a gland: aden/oma 34 Thyroid Abnormalities Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid 35 Thyroid Abmormalities Hypersecretion Hyperthyroidism Graves disease – Autoimmune ○ Exophthalmos and proptosis 36 Thyroid Abnormalities Hyposecretion Hypothyroidism Myxedema Cretinism Neoplasms Thyroid carcinoma 37 Parathyroid Abnormalities Hypersecretion Hyperparathyroidism Loss of bone density Kidney stones Hypercalcemia 38 Parathyroid Abnormalities Hyposecretion: Hypoparathyroidism Deficient production of parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcemia which leads to tetany 39 Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex Hypersecretion adrenal virilism – excessive androgens amenorrhea, hirsutism (hair growth), acne, voice deepening Cushing syndrome – excessive cortisol Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition 40 41 Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex Hyposecretion disease – low cortisol and aldosterone levels Addison hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure 42 43 Abnormalities of Adrenal Medulla Pheochromocytoma: Benign tumor of adrenal medulla Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine Hypertension, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms 44 Abnormalities of the Pancreas Hypersecretion – excessive secretion of insulin causing; Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting Hyperinsulinism 45 Pancreas Hyposecretion Diabetes mellitus Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch and fat metabolism in cells Type 1 : childhood onset typically Type 2 : adult onset typically 46 Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe) Hypersecretion acromegaly gigantism Hyposecretion dwarfism panhypopituitarism 47 48 49 50 Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe) Hypersecretion Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) Excess ADH Excess water retention Hyposecretion Diabetes insipidus Deficient ADH Polyuria and polydipsia 51 Laboratory Tests Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 4 hours Serum and urine tests Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc. in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function Thyroid function tests Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream 52 Laboratory Tests Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test Administration of RAIU in pill or liquid form. • Used as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland uptakes iodine from the blood. 53 Laboratory Tests Glucose tolerance test (GTT) Measures blood glucose levels at regular intervals (usually 3 hours). Used to diagnose diabetes mellitus with higher accuracy than other blood glucose tests. 54 Glucometer Monitors blood glucose levels (glycemia) Self-monitoring, usually done before meals and at bedtime 55 Pharmacology Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Oral administration of injection of synthetic hormones. Corrects deficiency in estrogen, testosterone, or thyroid hormone. Oral hypoglycemics Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic cells in non–insulin-dependent diabetics with some pancreatic function. 56 Insulin Pump 57 QUICK QUIZ: 5. What is the pathologic condition in which enlargement of the extremities is caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty? A.Addison disease B.Acromegaly C.Cushing syndrome D.Graves disease 58