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Springfield Central High School 1. Explain what ecology is. 2. In the relationship between the lynx and the hare, what factors, biotic and abiotic, can cause these two populations to rise and fall? 3. Explain the levels of organization in ecology using the example of a zebra. 4. Describe the feeding relationships in ecology. What do you think ecology is? Ecology: n. branch of biology dealing with the relationships between organisms and the environments. Ecology shows relationships among living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the world. Concepts to Be Discussed in Unit 2 Ecology: Interaction Interdependence Evolution Cycles What is Ecology? The word ecology has a Greek origin; "oikos" in Greek means "house", while "ology" means "discussion" or "study". 1. What does the term “Eco-Friendly mean? 2. Give me four examples of things you consider “EcoFriendly items or processes. 3. What is Ecology? How does it involve us? Activity: Make a Food chain involving at least 5 organisms of your choice. Draw it out showing what eats what. Central Concept: Ecology is the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment. 6.1 Explain how birth, death, immigration, and emigration influence population size. 6.2 Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity (speciation and extinction) that result from the following: natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. 6.3 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels. Describe how relationships among organisms (predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, mutualism) add to the complexity of biological communities. 6.4 Explain how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources and organic matter in an ecosystem, and how oxygen cycles through photosynthesis and respiration. The part of the natural world that ecology deals with is called the biosphere. The biosphere is the portion of Earth that can support life. The biosphere extends as high into the sky that we find life and as deep into the Earth as we find living things. Scientists often view the whole biosphere as if it were one whole organism. This is known as the Gaia Hypothesis. What is the Gaia Hypothesis? The Concept of Scale is applied to the biosphere through the levels of organization. In ecology we study six of these levels. • Biosphere is divided into ecosystems. • Ecosystems are divided into biomes. • Biomes are divided into communities. • Communities ( aka. Biocoenosis) are divided into populations. • Populations are divided into individual organisms of particular species. Large Importance on Populations! because evolutionary pressure is applied to populations rather than the other levels of organization in biology. • Individual organism (from a Species that have evolved from a common ancestry and share common anatomy and physiology). Ecologists study the interactions and interdependences between living things and their stimuli. Organisms have interactions and interdependence between each other with their environment. Interaction means there is a relationship between two or more organisms. Interdependent means that these organisms interacting are dependent upon each other. Living things are affected by the interaction and interdependence with other living things, and with the physical environment. As you recall one of the characteristics of living things is that living organisms respond to stimuli. Ecologists study the interactions and interdependences between living things and their stimuli. Discuss the key concepts of this unit. Light energy from the sun is captured and transformed into chemical energy (carbohydrates) in the process of photosynthesis. The energy passes through the environment from one organism to another via the feeding relationship. This energy is passed through carbon-based molecules and other nutrients Define These terms: Predator Consumer Heterotroph Abiotic Prey Producer Autotroph Biotic What is one amazing predator alive today? Give me 5 interesting facts about it. Energy From the Sun Cycles Through the Environment Via the feeding relationships. Light energy from the sun is transformed into chemical energy by photosynthesis. The energy as carbon chemical molecules can then be passed through the ecosystem from one organism to the next. The Feeding Relationships: 1. Autotroph: self-feeders • Photosynthetic • Chemosynthetic 2. Heterotroph: feeds on others • Herbivores eat plants • Carnivores eat meat • Omnivores eat plants & meat • Detritivores (aka decomposers) eat decaying matter What are the feeding relationships? Living Relationships ( aka. Symbiosis) Predation (aka. Predator/prey relationship, one organism, the predator, hunts another, the prey) Commensalism (a relationship where one organism benefits and the other isn’t helped or hurt. Mutualism (interactions where both organisms benefit from the relationship) Parasitism (relationship where one organism benefits from the interaction and the other organism is harmed) Amensalism (relationship where one species is not effected by surrounding organisms but negatively effects its neighbors, usually through chemicals) What is symbiosis? In your own words, please explain these terms in your own words Economic Environmental Social Mutualism Amensalism Commensalism Symbiosis Parasitism Predation What is predation? Predation is a relationship where one organism is hunted and consumed by another organism. The classic and best studied example of predation is the relationship between the lynx and the hare. A classic example of commensalism is the cattle egret ( Bubulcus ibis) and cattle or other grazing animals. As the cattle eat the grass insects are forced out into the open where the egrets eat the insects. The cattle is not benefited nor harmed, but the egret is benefited by getting an easy meal. What is commensalism? Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit from the relationship. An example of mutualism would be bees pollinating flowering plants. The bees get nectar for making honey and the plants are pollinated. Many people use the word symbiosis as a synonym for mutualism, but you know that symbiosis is a bigger concept than just mutualism. What is mutualism? Parasitism is a living relationship where one organism benefits by the relationship at the expense or harm of the other. An example of parasitism is the relationship between dogs, (or other animals) and ticks. Another example would be the plant mistletoe. mistletoe is a parasite. Mistletoe lives by attaching itself to trees or shrubs and drawing nutrients from the sap of its host. What is parasitism? Amensalism is a symbiotic relationship where the central organism is neither harmed nor benefited, while other neighboring organisms are harmed often by a chemical produced by the central organism. A well known example comes from the American black walnut tree which produces an allelopathic chemical that interferes with the growth of other plant that are near the black walnut tree. What is amensalism? There are two basic types of amensalism: competition, a stronger organism excludes a smaller or weaker one from living space or deprives it of food antibiosis, in which one organism is unaffected but the other is damaged or killed by a chemical secretion. Food Chains are simple models for explaining energy and matter’s movement via the feeding relationships, while food webs are more complex models of networks of food chains. Nutrient cycles (aka. biogeochemical cycles) show how matter (often as one element) moves through the environment. The carbon cycle is the key biogeochemical cycle in biology because the molecules that make living things are molecules that are held together with the element carbon. Carbon-based molecules are also known as organic molecules. Notice how photosynthetic autotrophs and the feeding relationships are part of the carbon cycle. What are biogeochemical cycles? What is the carbon cycle? We used the concept of scale to group organisms by their similarities with the taxonomic rankings In Biology, we also use the concept of scale to organize the amount of matter or life being studied at once. This called the Levels of Organization. I like to think of Ecology as the BIG PICTURE of Biology. How organism fit into nature. Ecology deals with the Big Picture of the levels of organization in biology by starting in the middle with individual organisms, then enlarges its view to populations, then expands again to communities then to biomes and ecosystems, and finally to the largest scale that we talk about in biology the entire biosphere. From largest to smallest Biosphere Ecosystems Biomes Communities Populations Individual Organism Discuss the levels of organization in ecology. When a property (or trait) at one level of organization becomes a completely new trait as you change level of scale, the new property is called an emergent property. Example: Water Water, (H2O) is made when 2 hydrogen atoms bond with an oxygen atom. The molecule H2O has completely different properties than either hydrogen or oxygen . The properties of water emerge by changing the level of scale from atoms to molecules. What are emergent properties? Note that emergent properties are an important part of applying and understanding the concept of scale in science, and therefore understanding science. 1. Individual Organisms An individual organism possesses all the characteristics of life; a living thing. Example: a zebra. There are different types or species of zebras; we are referring to Equus quagga or the plains zebra. We can study a single Equus quagga but to understand the zebra we must also study the interactions and interdependence it has with other Equus quagga • Mating • Herd protection • Coloration What is the most obvious characteristic or physical property of a zebra? 2. Population Population: a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. Example: a herd of Equus quagga Members of one population are diverse due to slight DNA mutations This diversity means that some members of the population are better suited to win that competition while other members are less fit for survival. We call this diversity variation. Members of populations compete with each other when resources are scarce. So , as grass becomes scarce these zebras will struggle against each other for survival. Explain a biological population. Even though there is competition between members of a population, members of populations rely on each other for survival. 2. Population (cont.) Earlier we discuss the most obvious characteristic of a zebra. What do the stripes on a zebra become when you study a population of zebras? An individual zebra has stripes a population of zebras have camouflage. Stripes on individual zebras becoming camouflage in a population of zebras is an example of an emergent property. 3. Community Community is a collection of interacting populations. We sometimes see the term biocenosis (biocoensis is an alternative spelling) used to describe a collection of interacting populations in nature. Example: a herd of elephants, a pride of lions, a herd of giraffes and a herd of wildebeest but also the populations of plants, bacteria, fungi and protist that all live together in the same habitat at the same time. A change in one population in a community causes changes in the other populations of the community. A change in the zebra population will effect the other populations in the Serengeti. Example: the relationship between zebras and lions. Give an example of a biological community. Let’ see this using predation as an example 3. Community (cont.) Explain a biological community. Lions, (Panthera leo) and Zebras, (Equus quagga) have a predator/prey relationship. Here is a graph representing two populations, one predator the other prey. Notice how a change in the density of one of the populations influences the density of the other population over time. 4. Ecosystem What is an ecosystem? Ecosystems are a consideration of the interactions among populations in a community and the communities physical surroundings; or abiotic factors. Example: the Serengeti Grass Plain of Tanzania Africa. Here are a few more photos to give you a better idea of what this ecosystem is like. Below are two NASA satellite pictures of the Serengeti taken at different times of the year. 4. Ecosystem (cont.) What are biomes? Give examples. Biomes • Biomes (another way to look at ecosystems) • Biomes are the world’s distinctive types of ecosystems. • Biomes are classified by the plant populations found in them. • Biomes are known for unique climate and unique organisms that have evolved to better compete and survive in those climates. Examples of biomes: Tundra: Arctic Tundra Alpine Tundra Forest: Boreal forest (Taiga), Deciduous temperate forest, Tropical forest (jungle) Desert: hot dry desert, semiarid desert, cold desert. Grassland Savannah Aquatic Freshwater Aquatic Marine (Saltwater) 5. Biosphere The Biosphere is the portion of earth that can support life or possible ecosystems. The Earth’s atmosphere is in fact dependent on the biosphere for regulation. Water, oxygen, carbon, phosphorous and nitrogen are all cycled through the biosphere. Scientists divide the earth into atmosphere (air), lithosphere (earth), hydrosphere (water), and biosphere (life). What is the Biosphere? The atmosphere as we know it is a product of life. The atmosphere is made by the biosphere, and life now depends on the atmosphere. They are interdependent. Many of the elements that cycle in the earth’s systems pass through living things as part of nature’s cycle. • Individual organisms • Populations • Communities • Ecosystems • Biomes • Biosphere Explain this overview of the levels of organization in ecology. What is ecology? Which is bigger: knowledge or science, science or biology, biology or ecology? What is the biosphere? What do biotic and abiotic mean What are the levels of organization in ecology? What are interactions and interdependence? What is a population in ecology? What is a species? What are herbavores, carnivores, detritivores, and omnivores? What are predator and prey? What is a food chain? What is a food web? What is a biogeochemical cycle? Answer 3 of these questions. What are the levels of organization studied in biology? What are the levels of organization studied in ecology? What concept in science are we using when we divide biology or ecology into different levels of organization? What do biotic and abiotic mean What are the differences between biology and ecology? What are the differences between the levels of organization studied in biology and in ecology? What are properties? What are emergent properties? When do emergent properties emerge? In biology, what is meant be the term population? What type of ecosystem is the Serengeti Plain? Answer 3 of these questions