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Ch 15: The Civil War Sec. 1: The Call to Arms The North • After Ft. Sumter, Lincoln decl rebellion existed in the S • Asked governors to raise 75K trps • Men in N eagerly volunteered • Some states wanted to send more than Lincoln requested More States Secede • TN, KY, MO, MD, DE didn’t send trps • Other states decided to secede after Lincoln asked for trps • VA, AK, TN, NC joined Confederacy • 50 counties in Western VA had little support for slavery • Seceded from VA • 1863, admitted to Union as WV Border States • Border states: states that didn’t secede (DE, MD, MO, KY, WV) • Loyalties divided • Many in MO, KY, & MD supported S • KY & MO important to controlling OH & MS R • Needed to hold onto MD so DC wouldn’t be surrounded by Confederacy • KY declared itself neutral (not taking sides) • KY supported N once it was invaded by Confederacy • Lincoln had to send in trps to retain ctrl of MO • MD—S sympathizers destroyed RR & telegraph lines • Lincoln placed E MD under martial law (rule in which military is in charge & citizens’ rights are suspended) Southern Advantages • Knew territory (most fighting would be in S) & had local support • Most experienced US military ldrs were from S incl Robert E. Lee (who Lincoln asked to lead Union army) • General Lee led the Conf trps during the Civil War Northern Advantages • Most factories in N • 2X as much RR track & farmland as S • 2/3 of US pop in N and in S 1/3 of pop was made up of slaves—N could have larger army Northern Strategy • 1. blockade S. seaports – Preventing traffic from entering or leaving an area • 2. gain ctrl of MS R—main transportation route for S—would split S in ½ • 3. invade Richmond (Conf cap) loc 100 mi from DC Southern Strategy • 1. defend land until N gave up • 2. rely on Br need for cotton to win foreign support—cotton diplomacy Americans against Americans • • • • • • War broke families apart Lincoln’s brothers-in-law fought for Conf ½ N trps were farmers, ¼ were immigrants ¾ S white males served Conf 2/3 N males served Some soldiers were only 14 First Battle of Bull Run • Gen McDowell led Union • Wanted X to train soldiers but N newspapers demanded quick capture of Richmond • Trps marched into VA July 1861 • Union & Conf trps met @ Bull Run R 7/21 • S trps rallied under lead of Stonewall Jackson • Poorly trained Union trps panicked & fled A Soldier’s Life • Most spent ¾ X in camp • Training took up to 10 hrs/day • Also stood guard, wrote letters, gathered firewood, ate hard tack • Camp conditions difficult, esp in bad weather (muddy roads & fields) • Lack of clean H20 • Diseases often made men too sick to fight Prisoners of War • Both sides built prison camps • 10% of soldiers that died during war were in prison camps • Worst camps @ Elmira, NY, & Andersonville, GA • @ Elmira, had 2X as many prisoners as camp designed to hold, served only bread & H2O, some ate rats to survive • @ Andersonville, 35K men lived in field designed for 10K, as many as 100 died/day Sec 2: Early Years of the War New Technology in the War • New rifles & cannons were more accurate & had greater range • Could be loaded faster • Both sides used ironclads (warships covered w/ protective iron plates) • Monitor v. Merrimack: famous battle @ sea • Marked end of wooden ship use War in the East • Gen McClellan put in charge of Union trps after Bull Run • Good organizer but cautious • Began advancing towards Richmond in Mar ’62 • Thought he needed more trps so he hesitated (even though his were better trained & outnumbered Conf) • Gave CSA X to get reinforcements • Stopped Union advance & by June forced McClellan to retreat • Led Lee to decide to invade N • Hoped victory on Union soil would boost Conf morale & turn N against war • Led trps into MD • McClellan learned Conf battle plan when it was found by a Union soldier • Attacked @ Antietam Creek, MD, Sept 17, 1862 • Bloodiest single day of Civil War • Union suffered 12K casualties & Conf suffered 14K casualties • Prob: McClellan didn’t press advantage by pursuing Lee • N claimed victory b/c Lee retreated War in the West • • • • Union led by Gen Grant Took chances unlike McClellan By 1862, seized most of MS R Apr 1862, Conf trps surprised Union @ Battle of Shiloh (near Corinth, MS, major Conf RR center in W TN & close to MS R) • Apr 26, Union fleet under David Farragut captured New Orleans • By summer, almost entire MS R under Union ctrl Sec 3: The Emancipation Proclamation Emancipating the Enslaved • • • • @ 1st, Lincoln resisted ending slavery Knew most Ners didn’t want to Afraid border states would secede Lincoln’s main goal in fighting the Civil War: restore Union • Gradually began to change mind • Knew slavery was important to S war effort Emancipation Proclamation • Emancipate: to free • Issued 1/1/1863 • Had little immediate effect—only freed slaves in states fighting Union (not border states) • Union had no power in Confederacy & proclamation didn’t apply to places already under Union ctrl • Criticism: some abolitionists wanted it to apply to whole country • S accused Lincoln of trying to cause slave revolt • Pro: Union soldiers enthusiastic b/c it would weaken S army Effects of Emancipation Proclamation • Changed Civil War into struggle for freedom • No longer just about saving nation • Hurt S’s ability to get Br support • Br wouldn’t support any gov’t fighting to keep ppl enslaved • United Afr Am in support of Union African Americans Volunteer for Service • Proclamation encouraged Afr Am to enlist in Union army • 189K served in Union army or navy • Risks: if captured by Confederacy, risked becoming slaves or killed (not POWs) • Separated from whites in army & earned less $ • 54th MA Infantry led attack on Ft. Wagner, SC • Noncombat roles: Union cooks, wagon drivers, hospital aides Resisting Slavery • Slaves provided military & other info to Union armies • Worked slowly, damaged equipment on plantations • Refused to work if slaveholders were off fighting war Sec 4: The Civil War & American Life Division in the South • GA & NC had strongest opposition to war in S • Regions w/ lg slaveholding plantations supported war more than poorer regions • Support for states’ rights created other div • SC’s gov didn’t want SC trps led by officers from other states • NC & GA didn’t force men to serve in mil Division in the North • Many opposed Emancipation Proclamation • Believed S had rt to secede • Copperheads: N Dems opposed to war • Criticized war & called for peace w/ Confederacy Dealing with Disruptions • Some encouraged soldiers to desert • Some in N helped Conf prisoners escape • Some tried to prevent men from volunteering & enc desertion • To deal w/ prob, both Lincoln & J. Davis (Conf pres) suspended habeas corpus in some places – Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment Draft Laws • Btwn 300K & 500K Union & Conf trps deserted • Ea side est draft (required military service) • Exceptions: wealthy could escape fighting • S: didn’t have to serve if owned 20 slaves • Both sides could hire substitutes • N: could avoid draft by paying gov’t $300 • Led to draft riots in N Economic Problems • N had shortage b/c factory wrkrs were drafted • Cong levied income tax to pay for war (tax on $ ppl receive) • Printed 1st paper $ to help pay expenses • Led to inflation (general rise in prices) • S—shortages caused by blockade made goods more expensive • Higher inflation than N • S food production decreased—led to riots • Slaves’ things taken by Conf soldiers Women • • • • • • Disguised selves & served in both armies Became spies Took over businesses, farms, plantations Did factory work Took gov’t jobs, esp in S Tchrs, nurses Sec 5: Decisive Battles Confederate Victories • After Antietam, Lincoln replaced McClellan w/ Gen Burnside • Ordered charges against Conf • Lost to Lee @ Fredericksburg, VA • Lincoln replaced Burnside w/ Gen Hooker • May ’63, army smashed @ Chancellorsville by Conf, but Stonewall Jackson wounded & died few days l8r Gettysburg • Union army now ctrld by Gen Meade • Lee marched trps into PA • July 1, approached Gettysburg (looking for shoes) • Encountered Meade’s army • 85K Union against 75K Conf • July 3, Lee ordered all-out attack • Conf Gen Pickett led 15K soldiers across Cemetery Ridge • About 7,500 wounded in Pickett’s Charge • Conf suffered 28K casualties during 3-day battle (1/3 of trps) • July 4, Lee surrendered • Significance – Major Union victory – Convinced Br that S couldn’t win war – Last battle fought on Union soil Vicksburg • One of last Conf cities on Miss R • Surrendered to Gen Grant July 4, 1863 • Union army had laid 6 wk siege (attempt to capture place by surrounding it w/ mil forces & cutting it off until ppl inside surrender) Gettysburg Address • Issued Nov 1863 • 15K gathered to honor those who died in Gettysburg • Lincoln issued Gettysburg Address—det to have Union win Grant v. Lee • 1864 Grant put in charge of all Union trps • Cont to attack Lee b/c he knew Union army had steady stream of men & supplies unlike Lee • June 1864, laid siege to Petersburg, VA— important RR center Sherman’s March to the Sea • Union army under Gen Sherman advanced toward Atlanta (helped Lincoln get reelected) • Total war: all-out attacks aimed @ destroying an enemy’s army, resources, & will to fight • Nov ordered burning of Atlanta • Left path of destruction 60 mi wide • Feb marched toward Carolinas • Lincol’s 2nd Inaugural Address: asked to bind up nation’s wounds Appomattox Courthouse • • • • Apr 2, 1865: Richmond ctrld by Union Lee retreated to Appomattox Courthouse Apr 9, Lee surrendered Surrender terms: Conf had to give up weapons & leave in peace Toll • • • • • • Bloodiest conflict fought by US 260K Conf soldiers died 360K Union soldiers died, incl 27K Afr Am ½ mil wounded 2 results: reunited nation, ended slavery Other consequences: bitterness btwn N & S cont to exist for many yrs, S states now had to be readmitted & rebuilt, Constitution amended