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4/3/2012 Civil War Early Course of the War Assignment Compare the political, economic and military strengths and weaknesses of the North and South at the beginning of the American Civil War. Use pages 653-683 to complete the table with enough information to use on a unit exam. NORTH Strengths SOUTH Weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses Economic Political Military Early Course • Both sides were expecting a quick war – capture of either capital • First Battle of Bull Run showed both sides that it would be long and tough • Winfield Scott predicted this, so Lincoln went with his plan 1. Union Army of the Potomac defends Washington D.C. and put pressure on Richmond 2. Blockade southern ports 3. Invade the South along the main water routes 1 4/3/2012 Anaconda Plan Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott North vs. South Advantages • Union had a 4 to 1 advantage in terms of human resources • North has industrial advantage • North has an advantage in transportation • Union had more wagons, horses, ships, rails • South had the geographic advantage • South had more experienced military leaders • Union naval blockade of southern ports • Federal gunboats and transports controlled the Mississippi River and its tributaries Confederate Strategy • Hoping for a stalemate • This would mean … – Cotton-hungry British and French might join the cause, or … – Public opinion in the North would persuade Lincoln to negotiate a settlement 2 4/3/2012 The Virginia The Monitor Forming Armies 3 4/3/2012 Rich Man’s War, Poor Man’s Fight • 19th century armies formed units based on communities and ethnic background • Confederacy had to switch from volunteers to conscripts • One white man could be substituted for 20 black men of $500 • Riots (NYC) over Union draft, mostly Irish immigrants Confederate Diplomacy • Confederate agents sought recognition of the Confederacy as a sovereign nation • But were more successful in getting supplies • Purchased raiding ships from British used to sink and terrorize Union ships around the world Fighting in the West • North achieves victories in the West • Grant holds two river forts and defends Shiloh • New Orleans is captured by Admiral David Farragut • Confederate leader William Quantrill fights under a black flag (no quarter) in KansasMissouri conflicts 4 4/3/2012 North Achieves its Goals • Goals in the West – Protect shipments of gold and silver – Win over political support for the war and Lincoln’s presidency • Grant attacks in the West early in the war • Uses rivers for successful movement of troops Shiloh • Grant leaves troops exposed • Johnston attacks, finding most of Grant’s troops still in their bedrolls • Johnston is mortally wounded, second in command calls off the attack • 20,000 dead total • Civil War Pattern: fighting leads to one side retreating, the other side not pursuing because they are too unorganized, and each side regroups for another battle 5 4/3/2012 McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign • Winfield retires and George McClellan is appoint general in chief • He prepares his army for what he thought would be large confederate force • Heading for Richmond, people leave the city, but he does not take advantage in time • His hesitation becomes his weakness • Lee’s army pins down the Union army in the Shenandoah Valley with fewer soldiers Antietam (Sharpsburg) Antietam • Lee planned to invade the North the gain foreign support and supplies • Lee’s plan is found wrapped around cigars • McClellan boasts of the findings • Single bloodiest day in U.S. history – 6,400 dead, 15,000 wounded • When McClellan did not pursue Lee’s army in retreat, Lincoln fired him (demoted like in the past) • Turning point in the war Why? 6 4/3/2012 Fredericksburg • Burnside attacks the entrenched Confederates outside Fredericksburg • 12,000 casualties (North); 6,000 (South) • Burnside wept as he gave the order to withdraw • Morale dropped for the Union, even though their ability to win the war was stronger than ever • Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation becomes the death blow to the South’s chance for foreign assistance Wartime Finances NORTH • Established Internal Revenue Service • Only collected 21 percent of wartime spending • Legal tender Act – printing paper money (greenbacks), only $450 million • Wartime spending fueled post-war economic boom and riches of Carnegie, Morgan, and Rockefeller SOUTH • Unlimited printing of paper money – harmful inflation Gettysburg • Meade, an expert in topography, takes the high ground in strategic locations • The three days of fighting is over the high ground 7