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General Biology Notes 10 Energy: ATP, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis (pages 226 – 265) I. ATP A. The cell uses ______________ to do many things, such as… 1. Movement: energy is used to moves ions, monosaccharides, _____________ ___________, and other things across the cell membrane (active transport); energy is used to move things within cells, such as _________________ and ____________ strands in muscle cells 2. Building compounds: energy helps enzymes build new molecules (such as large ________________ and ________________ _______________) 3. Reproduction: energy is used in cell ______________, which produces new cells and sometimes a new organism B. In order for the cell to make these things happen, it has to be able to inject enzymes and other molecules with energy so they can do the necessary ________________ C. Cells use ___________, a special kind of molecule, to inject energy into reactions 1. ATP is a high energy ____________________ that “plugs” into other molecules and gives its energy to those molecules so that they can do work 2. In the process of giving away its energy ATP becomes depleted of energy and part of it falls off; in its depleted state ATP is known as ____________ 3. Cells must be able to _______________ ATP by rebuilding it from ADP D. In life ______ major chemical processes are involved in recharging ADP to form ATP; almost all organisms use one of these processes (called cellular respiration), while some use both (photosynthesis and CR) II. Cellular respiration A. Almost all organisms use the same process to recharge ATP - ________________ ____________________ 1. In this process biomolecules (usually ____________________ and ____________) are broken down and their energy is used to recharge ATP 2. ________________ is used by most organisms to help extract energy; reactions that require oxygen are called __________________ reactions 3. The chemical equation that summarizes the breakdown of ____________ is as follows ________________ + _______________ _______________ + ___________ a. Glucose and oxygen are reactants and CO2 and H2O are products of the process 4. The energy released when the biomolecule is broken down is used to recharge _____ B. Cellular location of cellular respiration 1. In _______________________ cells cellular respiration primarily takes place in the _______________________ 2. In prokaryotic cells it takes place in the _________ and uses the cellular membranes Please turn over C. Almost all ___________, ___________, _____________, ________________ and most _________________ use this method D. Some organisms can also or only break down carbohydrates with a less efficient process (makes less ATP) that does _______ use oxygen, called ____________________ 1. One type of fermentation produces CO2 and _____________, and is used in the beverage and bakery industries III. Photosynthesis A. Some organisms (called autotrophs) have the ability to make their own food biomolecules in a process called _________________________ 1. Food biomolecules are important because they can be broken down to provide __________ and elemental/molecular _____________ __________ for the organism a. The most common process used by cells to break down food is cellular respiration, used by almost all organisms, including most autotrophs 2. In order to build food molecules, such as glucose, autotrophs… a. …obtain energy from ___________ b. …and elements from the _____________, soil and water that make up their environment c. For example plants get the carbon and oxygen they need to build carbohydrates from __________ in the air i. Other elements needed to build their body, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, are absorbed from the watery solution in the _____________ 3. The chemical equation that summarizes the buildup of __________ is as follows ______________ + _____________ __________________ + __________ a. Glucose is then used as a source of energy to recharge ATP (_______________ ___________________), or is used to build the organism’s ____________ and body (for example, build cell walls or used to make amino acids) 4. Cellular location of photosynthesis a. In __________________ cells photosynthesis takes place in an organelle called the __________________ b. In _________________ cells photosynthesis takes place in the cytosol, and also used the cellular membrane IV. Organisms can be classified according to how they acquire energy and elemental/molecular building blocks 1. Organisms that are able to build their own food molecules and then break them down using cellular respiration are called _____________________, or _________________ a. All _____________, many protists and many ____________ are autotrophs 2. Organisms that cannot build their own food molecules, but must instead absorb or ingest them, are called ______________________ or ___________________ a. All ________________, all______________, many protists and many bacteria are heterotrophs