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Answer key Ws 17-1a Viruses p. 355-6 1) Pages 355-6 shows you the steps taken by scientists attempting to determine the cause of a new type of disease causing substance. What was the initial problem? Disease has begun to destroy certain crops 2) What is a mosaic? Large bleached spots that form a pattern 3) The 1st 2 steps taken in order to determine the nature of the disease was? Crush diseased leaves to produce a liquid leaf juice put a few drops of the juice on healthy leaves. 4) What is the conclusion? The cause of the disease is the juice of the infected plant. 5) Why was the person pouring the solution through a filter? To trap microorganisms in the juice that may be responsible for causing the disease. 6) What was unusual about the juice that passed through the filter? There were not microorganisms and the juice still caused the disease 7) When looking at the juice under the microscope, what did the scientist see? No cells 8) What conclusion was made? The particles that caused the disease could not be seen under the microscope. 9) What is the Latin meaning of viruses? poison 10) What was Dimitri Iwanowski credited for? The disease causing nature of the juice from infected tobacco leaf plants. 11) What was Mrtinus Beijerinck's scientific contribution? Determined that tiny particles in the juice caused the disease. He called them viruses 12) Initially, what did scientists believe viruses were? Cells even smaller then bacteria 13) Who and what led to the changing of this theory? Wendell Stanley in 1935 with the use of an electron microscope. 14) Define virus. Noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells Answers Ws 17-1b What is a virus? p. 356-360 1) What did scientists believe about viruses before 1935? They were cells smaller than bacteria 2) Give the definition of a virus. Noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells 3) What does the protein coat surround? Core of nucleic acid 4) What is inside the nucleic acid core? dna/rna 5) Define bacteriophage. Viruses that invade bacteria 6) What is a host? The bacterial cell that is invaded in this case 7) What is the function of the tail fiber in the T4 virus? Attach to the bacterium 8) How large is a nanometer? 1/1 000 000 000m 9) List 5 different viruses from fg. 17-3. Cowpox, smallpox, mumps, polio, foot and mouth, 10) What is the size of 2 viruses shown in fig 17-3? Smallpox = 250nm, polio = nm 11) What kinds of organisms can viruses attack? Often but not always species specific, 1 type 12) Which organisms does the rabies virus infect? All mammals and some birds 13) What must all viruses do in order to reproduce? Infect a host 14) How is a virus activated? By chance contact with the correct host 15) What never enters the host cell during infection? Complete virus particle 16) Growth: What does the virus DNA do once it is inside the host cell? Takes over the host cell 17) Replication: What 2 things does the virus do when the virus takes over? Makes copies of its own dna and protein parts 18) What is Escherichia coli (E. coli)? A species of bacterium found inside human intestines 19) How long does this take? 25 min 20) What occurs during the final stage of reproduction? Assembly into new viruses and release into the environment 21) Define lytic infection. A virus infects, replicates and bursts out of the host cell killing it 22) What does fg. 17-4 show? Lysis of a host cell 23) What does fig 17-5 show? `infection of an E-coli bacterium 24) Lysogenic Infection: Where does the virus do with its DNA? Inserts its own dna into the host cell’s dna forming a prophage 25) Define prophage. A cell that has virus dna inserted into it 26) Give 2 possible benefits of having your DNA infected with a prophage? Block the entry of other viruses into the cell (give it resistance), add useful dna to the host cell’s dna 27) What usually happens to a virus in prophage form? The virus dna becomes active and causes virus replication 28) List some factors that may cause this to occur. Temperature change, nutrient change 29) Define retrovirus. A virus that has rna not dna 30) List some diseases caused by retroviruses. Come cancers, aids 31) List 4 functions that a virus depends on a host cell for. Growth, reproduction, respiration, nutrition 32) Define parasite. Organisms that depend entirely upon another living organism for its existence 33) Give 2 factors that make viruses not alive. Not made of cells, can not live independently 34) Why do most scientists consider viruses to be alive? Grow, reproduce, evolve 35) Define gene therapy (look up). Using viruses to insert good genes into cells that may have a mutant gene Document1 Page 1 of 10 Last printed 11/05/2017 4:47 AM 36) Why does it seem that viruses developed after living cells first appeared ? cells 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. they are completely dependant on other living Answers Ws 17-2a Bacteria-Prokaryotic Cells p. 360-363 Date: Define prokaryote. smallest and most common type of cell, does not have a nucleus What does fg 17-7 show? nutrient culture medium, bacteria producing 1000s of colonies Which kingdoms are the prokaryotes placed in? Eubacteria or Archaebacteria What are bacteria? 1 celled prokaryotes How large are bacteria? 1-10 micrometers How large is a micrometer? 1/1000 mm Define eukaryote. cell with a nucleus How large are eukaryotic cells? 10 – 100 micrometers Why are bacteria so small? They do not have membrane-bound organelles like in eukaryotic cells Give 4 characteristics of organisms in the kingdom Eubacteria. more species then the kingdom Archeabacteria a cell wall protects the cell has a cell membrane some have 2 cell membranes, some have a flagella Why do biologists not agree as to how many phyla of Eubacteria there are? such a large variety and range of lifestyles List the structures inside the bacteria on fg 17-8. ribosomes, flagellum, genetic material, cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane What is another name for CYANOBACTERIA? Blue-green bacteria Why are these organisms so important? They are photosynthetic What is photosynthetic? organisms that use the energy of sunlight to make their own food Why are cyanobacteria not called blue-green algae anymore? Algae are eukaryotic cells not prokaryotic cells What colour is chlorophyll a? green What causes other cyanobacteria to be yellow, brown, or red? Other pigments What occurs in the cell membranes of cyanobacteria? Photosynthesis light reactions What is a chloroplast? An organelle that contains photosynthetic pigments that trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy in plants (eukaryotic cells) List 4 places some cyanobacteria can live. Fresh water, salt water, land, hot springs, snow Cyanobacteria are sometime referred to as a pioneer species. What does this mean? They often recolonize the site after a natural disaster Why are prochlorobacteria sometimes called Prochlorophyta? Contain chlorophyll a & b, pigments common in the plant kingdom What does “phyta” mean? Plant Give 3 characteristics of the kingdom Archaebacteria. Different carbohydrate in the cell wall Different lipids in cell membranes Different ribosomes, Different gene sequences Where can Archaebacteria live? Extremely harsh environments Give 2 examples of oxygen free environments. Thick mud, digestive tracts of animals What is a methanogen? Archaebacteria that produce methane gas as a waste product 2 other “harsh environments” are? Salty (Great Salt Lake), boiling hot springs ANSWER KEY Ws 17-2b p. 363-5 Identifying Prokaryotes / Obtaining Energy 1. What are the 3 common shapes of bacteria? Rod (bacilli), sphere (cocci) and spiral (spirilla) 2. Fg 17-10, which picture represents each shape? Rod (left); sphere (center), and spiral (right) 3. List the 3 arrangements bacteria can take. Colonies, long chains, and clusters 4. Fg 17-11 shows? Spherical bacteria (streptococci) formed a long chain 5. 3 other ways other than shape and arrangement used to identify bacteria are? Cell wall, kind of movement and how they obtain energy 6. What are the names of the 2 types of Gram stain? Crystal violet and safranine 7. Why does one type of bacteria turn purple? Cells with only one thick layer of carbohydrate and protein molecules outside the cell membrane took up the crystal violet 8. Why does one type of bacterium turn red? Cells with second outer layer of lipid and carbohydrate molecules took up the safranine 9. What is the difference between gram + and gram – test results? Gram positive is purple and gram negative is red (for more info, read the two previous answers) Document1 Page 2 of 10 Last printed 11/05/2017 4:47 AM 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Another way bacteria can be identified is by…movement 4 possible ways bacteria can move are? Lash, snake, spiral, glide Look up the word autotroph and define. Organisms that can make their own food What is a phototrophic autotroph? Get their energy from the sun and make own food What type of organisms are these similar to? Green plants Look up, define, and give an example of an inorganic molecule. Molecule without C atoms ex: phosphoric acid What is chemotrophic autotroph? Obtain energy form inorganic molecules (hydrogen sulphide, nitrites, sulphur, iron) and make their own food Where do these organisms live? Harsh environments ( Extremeophiles) Define chemotrophic heterotroph. Obtain energy from organic sources and break them down and absorb them Get energy form organic source and parts to grow from the organic source Look up, define and give an example of an organic molecule. Molecule that has carbon in it. Sugar (glucose) 20. List 2 common organisms that are chemotrophic heterotrophs. All Animals, most bacteria What kind of organisms are we in competition with? bacteria What can the bacteria Salmonella cause? Food poisoning What is one reason we cook our food? To kill dangerous micro-organisms What does photosynthetic mean? Use sunlight for energy Explain what a phototrophic heterotroph is. Get energy from sun but need organic molecules to make its parts p. 365-367 Bacterial Respiration, Growth and Reproduction What do all organisms including bacteria need? Constant supply of energy How is this energy supplied? respiration and fermentation Define respiration. Process that involves oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy Define fermentation. Process that enables cells to carry out energy production without oxygen Define obligate aerobe. Org that requires oxygen Give an example of 2 organisms that are obligate aerobes. Humans and most bacteria What is an obligate anaerobe? Must live without oxygen An example of an obligate anaerobe is? Clostridium botulinum Why is this organism not usually a problem in the soil? Because it can not grow because of the presence of oxygen What are the conditions that this organism likes to live in? no air & food (air tight improperly canned can of food) Define toxin. poison Give the symptoms of botulism. Interferes with nerve activity, Paralysis, breathing problems, death Why is botulism a “cause for concern” with regards to canned food at home? Inexperienced canning does not kill bacteria and it grows inside What are facultative anaerobes? Can live with or without oxygen What can be concluded about the habitats of bacteria? Incredible diversity: Can live anywhere p. 366 Problem Solving “Food Poisoning” Case Study 1? Salmonella: delayed sickness, longer recovery, fever Case Study 2? Staphylococci: immediate sickness, fast recovery, no fever Answer Key WS 17-2c p. 367-70 Bacterial Growth and Reproduction 1. In “ideal” situations, what would be the mass of bacteria after 48 hours? 4000 earths 2. What 2 things prevent this? Availability of food and build up of wastes 3. When does a bacteria reproduce? Doubled in size 4. From a genetic perspective, what is unusual about binary fission? Asexual reproduction 5. Define asexual reproduction. 1 parent, no genetic mixing 6. What occurs during conjugation? Genetic information is transferred from 1 cell to another cell 7. What is the function of the thin tube in fg 17-14? Genetic info is moved through it 8. What does conjugation do for the population? Increases genetic diversity 9. Why is genetic diversity advantageous? If the environment changes, there will be some bacteria that will be able to survive (freaks) 10. Describe the structure of an endospore. Thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm 11. When do they form? Unfavourable conditions 12. How long do endospores last? Months or years 13. Why is endospore formation not really a “true” form of reproduction? Does not form a new bacterial cell 14. What does fig 17-15 show? endospore 15. List seven foods make with the assistance of bacteria. Cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut, vinegar 16. How are bacteria used in the petroleum industry? Digest oil spills a. in water? eat waste products in water b. in mining? Remove minerals from rocks c. genetic engineering? Make drugs and chemicals 17. What is symbiosis? 2 organisms live together and and 1 or both benefit 18. What are the E. coli provided with in your intestines? Warmth, food, transportation 19. What two things do we get from the symbiotic relationship? Digestion of food, vitamins 20. What does fg 17-16 show? E. coli in our intestines Document1 Page 3 of 10 Last printed 11/05/2017 4:47 AM 21. How are herbivores able to eat grass and hay? Bacteria digest (breakdown) the carbohydrate cellulose in the cell walls of grass, hay, leaves for the cow, which can not do it by itself Answer Key Ws 17-2d p.370-72 Bacteria in the Environment 1) Why would there be no life as we know it without bacteria? No recycling = no nutrients in soil = no plants = no food 2) How are heterotrophs and saprophytes related to each other? They cannot make their own food, saprophytes digest large complex molecules of previously living organisms as an energy source and nutrition source (build body parts) 3) List two other categories of organisms that act as saprophytes with regards to the decomposition of a dead tree. Insects and fungi 4) List some of the substances that make up waste water. Human waste, discarded food, organic garbage, chemical waste 5) What are the products of bacterial waste water decomposition? Purified water, nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, crop fertilizer products 6) Where do some of these products go? farms 7) What element is needed to make amino acids? N 8) Where do animals ultimately get the nitrogen needed for their proteins? plants 9) Why cant plants use the nitrogen in our atmosphere? It is not fixed (combined with other elements)s 10) What does “fixed” mean? The N is combined with other elements 11) Why is human synthetic nitrogen fixing not very practical? Expensive, dangerous, time consuming 12) Which are the only organisms that undergo nitrogen fixation? Cyanobacteria (certain bacteria) 13) Describe the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium and soybeans. Soybeans provide the Rhizobium bacteria with nutrition and a place to live, the Rhizobium provides the bean with fixed nitrogen in the soil 14) How are all eukaryotes dependant on certain monerans (Eubacteria)? To get the nitrogen fixed and placed into the soil 15) How much nitrogen is released every year by these organisms? 170 000 000 kg 16) Describe fig 17-18. nodules of bacteria are fixing nitrogen on the root of a soybean plant Answer Key Ws 17-3 Diseases caused by viruses and Bacteria p. 372 1) Define pathogen. disease causing organism 2) What do bacteria require? Nutrients and energy 3) List 9 common virus caused human diseases. Small pox, polio, measles, ADIS, mumps, influenza (flu), yellow fever, rabies, colds 4) How does a virus often harm a cell? as virus reproduces, it destroys the host cell (lysis, lytic cycle) 5) Define vaccine. a substance that contains the weakened or killed disease causing organism it put inside your body 6) How does a vaccine work? It stimulates your immune system to produce antibodies for the real pathogen when and if you are exposed 7) When is the only time a vaccine is useful? Before exposure to the pathogen 8) Once you get a viral infection, what can be done about it? Not much, your body must make it's own antibodies to the pathogen 9) When are interferons produced? When cells are infected by viruses 10) How do interferons work? Make it more difficult for the viruses to infect other healthy cells, interfere with the growth of the virus 11) How does an oncogenic virus work? Virus adds genes to the infected cell that turn it into a cancer cell 12) Are most bacteria dangerous? no 13) List 8 disease causing bacteria. Diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, tetanus, Hansen disease, syphilis, cholera, bubonic plague. 14) How many ways do bacteria cause disease? 2 15) Describe the 2 ways bacteria cause disease. A) damage infected cells and tissues by breaking down the living cells for food 16) b) release toxins that travel throughout the body which interferes with the functioning of various cells 17) How is the bacteria rickettsias similar to viruses? Can only grow inside living cells 18) Give 3 diseases caused by this type of bacteria. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, and Q fever 19) How can some of these diseases be prevented? Stimulate the immune system with the use of a vaccine 20) Define antibiotic. Drug or natural compound that can attack and destroy bacteria 21) 2 methods of sterilization are? Expose bacteria to heat or chemicals 22) Define disinfectant. Chemical solution that kills bacteria 23) Describe how refrigeration helps stop food from "spoiling". Slows the growth of the bacteria that is eating the food 24) List 3 methods of food sterilization. Boiling, frying, steaming 25) Describe the process of canning. Food is sterilized and immediately sealed into a sterile can or jar 26) List 3 chemical treatment of foods to help preserve them. Salt, vinegar, sugar Ch 44-1 The Nature of Disease p. 953 1. What is the difference between a disease and symptoms? Disease is the change in normal functioning of the body were as symptoms are the manifestations of the disease (effects) 2. Five methods of spreading infectious diseases are: a) cuts 3. b) coughing and sneezing 4. c) contaminated water or food 5. d) infected animals (vectors) 6. e) sexual contact Document1 Page 4 of 10 Last printed 11/05/2017 4:47 AM 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Early humans believed that diseases were caused by? Evil spirits p. 956. How do scientists group infectious diseases? The kind of pathogen that causes them List 4 common pathogens. a) viruses b) bacteria c) fungi d) protozoa Which organisms are infected by viruses? Living cells What does AIDS stand for? Acquired immune deficiency syndrome p. 980. How can it be spread? Blood and body secretions (sexual intercourse, blood transfusions) p. 957 What is true for most bacteria? harmless to humans List 2 ways bacteria can cause disease. a) infect the tissues of the body directly killing those cells b) release toxins List 2 types of fungi. molds and mushrooms 2 places fungi can cause infection are? Skin and lungs Where are you most likely to pick up a protozoan infection? Tropical regions of the world Describe malaria. A protozoan called Plasmodium lives in the human bloodstream and causes sickness; is spread from one person to another by mosquitoes (vector) 23. Describe amoebic dysentery. The protozoan Entamoeba which affects the intestine causing abdominal pain, fever and diarrhea 24. Describe African sleeping sickness. Flagellated protozoan (Trypanosoma)= inflammation of the nervous system often leads to death vector is the tsetse fly 25. “anthrax Bacteria” describe 1g of anthrax spores. p. 959 100 000 times more powerful then the best human made chemical weapon spores are light, easy to scatter in the air, stable for many years often → lethal infection 26. What makes cancer “hard to understand”? cells are from your own body 27. What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant one? Benign is noncancerous = does not spread, malignant tumor spreads into blood and is circulated to other parts of the body 28. Define oncogene. Genes that cause cancer: often carried by viruses that are inserted into humans Ws 45-1 Non-specific Defences p. 969 29. List 5 common classifications of pathogens. Viruses, bacteria, rickettsiae, fungi protozoans 30. What do non-specific defences guard against? All infections 31. Describe some of the ways the skin acts as a defence. Prevent penetration of pathogen, oil & sweat glands produce an acidic environment which kills microorganisms 32. How does the throat and nose trap pathogens? Mucous and hairs in nose, cilia in trachea trap and push pathogens back up the mouth 33. The stomach? Stomach and digestive enzymes destroy many pathogens 34. What produces lysozymes and what does it do? Mucus, saliva, sweat, tears; enzyme that breaks down t he cell walls of many bacteria 35. What is the 2nd line of defence? Inflammatory response occurs when pathogens enter the body 36. What type of cells are phagocytes give their function. White blood cells (wbc) engulf and destroy bacteria 37. Give 2 functions of a fever in fighting an infection. Stimulates wbc production, creates a “non-ideal” temperature for the pathogens 38. Fg 45-2? Fibrin is re-sealing the broken skin 39. Fg 45-3? A macrophage engulfs and digests 2 bacteria 40. Define antigen. A substance that triggers the specific defences of the immune system (pathogen: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids on the surface of the pathogen) 41. Where are they found? pathogen: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids on the surface of the pathogen) 42. Define antibody and state where they are made. Special proteins that can bind to the antigens on the surfaces of a pathogen and help destroy it made by special of white blood cells called B-lymphocytes 43. Define agglutination. When the antibody links to the antigens forming a large mass 44. Fg 45-4. shows the very specific antigen binding site and shows the binding of an antibody and antigen 45. List 2 ways agglutination helps destroy pathogens. Agglutinated antigen/antibodies can not infect new cells, mark the pathogen for destruction by wbc (phagocyetes) 46. Define primary immune response. Production of antibodies from the first exposure to an antigen (these cells each produce a different type of antibody thus increasing the chance that one of them will be the correct fit to the antigen 47. Define immune. You have already been exposed to the pathogen (antibody) and thus already have the correct antibodies for the pathogen made. When you are exposed to the same pathogen a second time, you do not get sick 48. Define secondary immune response. As above; the immune response is more powerful than the primary response, producing antibodies so quickly you do not get sick from the pathogen 49. Summarize Edward Jenners experiment. He injected fluid from the disease cowpox into milkmaid. These people then developed an immunity to the more serious disease smallpox. (he developed the first vaccination) 50. Define vaccination. The injection of a weakened or mild from of a pathogen to produce immunity (vacca = cow) 51. Define active immunity. Immunity produced by a vaccine: body has the ability to mount an response against the pathogen: the body makes its own antibodies in response to an antigen Document1 Page 5 of 10 Last printed 11/05/2017 4:47 AM 52. How was Pasteur's experiment different from Jenners? Pasteur used “weakened or altered” forms of the antigen (pathogen) to inject into the person during a vaccination. Jenner used a different but similar species of the antigen (pathogen) 53. What causes rabies? A deadly viral disease that can be transmitted by the bite of an infected animal 54. P. 975. Explain passive immunity. Antibodies produced by other animals against a pathogen are injected into the bloodstream thereby providing protection against certain pathogens 55. What is an iron lung? Large artificial breathing machines that kept victims of polio alive 56. p. 980. How can aids be spread? Blood and body secretions of infected persons (semen and vaginal secretions, blood transfusions, intravenous drug users (needles) Ws 6-1 6-2 Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy ANSWERS 1. Define photosynthesis. Plants convert the energy of the sun into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates – sugars and starches 2. What was Jan Van Helmont plant experiment’s conclusion? The mass of a plant comes from water 3. Where does the carbon part in the plants carbohydrates come from? CO2 from the air 4. Explain Joseph Priestley’s plant experiment conclusion. Plants produce oxygen 5. Describe Jan Ingenhousz’s conclusion. Light is needed for plants to produce oxygen 6. Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 7. Define autotrophs. Organisms that can use a source of energy such a as sunlight, to produce foodod directly from simple inorganic molecules 8. Define heterotroph. Orgs that obtain energy from the foods they eat (can’t make own food) 9. Define white light. Mixture of all the colours of the rainbow 10. Define pigments. Colored substances that absorb light 11. Define chlorophyll. The main pigment in green plants 12. Fg 6-4. What is the difference between chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a? each absorbs different wavelengths 13. Describe what happens when a solar cell absorbs sunlight. Produces electricity that can do work 14. Describe what happens when a green plant absorbs sunlight. Produces high energy electrons that can be used to do things for the cell (make high energy compounds) 15. What does chlorophyll do for a plant? Acts as a cells solar cell 16. One substance formed as a result of the sunlight being trapped in chemical bonds is NADPH 17. The 2nd compound involved that stores the energy from the sun is called? Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 18. Define ATP. An energy-storing compound used by every living cell 19. Describe fg 6-6. shows the chemical structure of ATP 20. Explain fg. 6-7. As energy is given to an AMP molecule, it forms ADP, and finally ATP (the battery is fully charged) 21. List 3 important cellular activities that can occur as the result of the release of energy from an ATP molecule. Active transport across the cell membrane, protein synthesis, muscle contraction 22. Problem solving p. 117. Explain what seems to happen as the leaves change color with the approach of autumn? As winter approaches, the plant reabsorbs the pigment chlorophyll before losing the leaves 23. Sec. 6-2. Photosynthesis: The Light and Dark Reaction p. 118 What is the main purpose of the light reaction? The energy of sunlight is captured and used to make energy storing compounds What is the name for the second step of photosynthesis? Dark reactions 24. What is the main purpose of this stage? Uses the energy stored in NADPH and ATP to produce glucose 25. Why is glucose constructed over ATP and NADH? Glucose is more stable and is able to store more energy (100x more) then ATP 26. Where does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplast 27. What are the 4 stages of the light reaction? Light absorption, electron transport, oxygen production and ATP formation 28. Describe fg 6-8. shows a chloroplast 29. Fg 6-9. What are photosystems? What is the energy in the energy-storing compounds used for? pigment molecules (Chlorophyll and accessory pigments) compounds such as glucose 30. Fg 6-10. Explain. Light is used to make energy-storing compounds like NADPH 31. fg 6-11. What is one reason plants need water? To produce oxygen and hydrogen ions 32. Fg. 6-12. What gas is formed during the formation of the energy storing compound ATP? oxygen 33. Fg. 6-13. The high energy compounds ATP and NADPH made during the light reaction are used in the dark reaction for the final purpose of producing what compounds? Organic compounds such as glucose WS Ch 6-3 Glycolysis and Respiration p.123 ANSWERS 1. 2. 3. 4. produce glucose & other food molecules trap sunlight into chemical bonds See how energy is released from glucose Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water Autotrophs have the ability to.... Photosynthesis is able to.... The purpose of this section? Write a word equation for glycolysis. Document1 Page 6 of 10 Last printed 11/05/2017 4:47 AM 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. How many calories of energy are released? 3811calories What is the definition of a calorie? Amount of heat energy required to raise the temp of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius How is a food Calorie different from a science calorie? food calorie are 1000 times (kilo calorie) more then metric calorie Where does glycolysis occur in the cell? cytoplasm Fg 6-14. List the compounds produced at the end of glycolysis and the final number of ATP energy molecules created. 2 ATP, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid 10. (Last paragraph before the heading Respiration) The 2 ATP molecules produced during glycolysis represents what % of the total chemical energy in a glucose molecule? 2% 11. When can the process of respiration occur? Only with oxygen present 12. Define respiration. Process that involves oxygen and breaks down food molecules to release energy 13. Define aerobic. With air (oxygen) 14. What starting compound is used during respiration? Pyruvic acid 15. Where did this come from? End product left over from glycolysis 16. Once pyruvic acid is broken down, how much energy in the form of ATP is generated? 34 ATP 17. Why do some biologists use the term cellular respiration instead of respiration? Breathing is also called respiration 18. Why do animals and plants need oxygen? For cellular respiration (to get ATP molecules from the glucose they make during photosynthesis) 19. Which cell organelle is required for respiration? OMIT P. 125b-128 mitochondria 20. P. 128 fg 6-18. How much energy is generated by the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule: (glycolysis + krebs cycle (cellular respiration) 36 ATP 21. P. 128 bottom: How does this compare to a car engine? Better then an automobile engine 22. How are complex carbohydrates, lipids and proteins similar to glucose? They can all be converted into glucose for further breakdown into ATP 23. What happens if you (your cells) are starved for oxygen? Cellular respiration in the mitochondria (Krebs cycle) stops; only ATP can be generated by glycolysis (not very efficient) 24. After entering your lungs, what part of your cell does oxygen go to? mitochondria 25. Explain the analogy of deposits and withdrawal to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis is a deposit (high energy glucose storage molecules are created and stored) Respiration is the withdrawal (glucose is taken and broken down into usable energy molecules) Ws Ch 6-4 Fermentation p. 130 ANSWERS 1) What does a cell do in the presence of oxygen? Undergo respiration 2) What is unusual about how glycolysis produces 2 molecules of ATP? No oxygen needed 3) Define anaerobic. Does not require oxygen 4) Define fermentation. An energy system that allows cells to carry out energy production in the absence of oxygen 5) How much energy is produced by fermentation? 2 ATP molecules 6) List the 2 most common forms of fermentation in eukaryotic cells. Lactic acid fermentation, Alcoholic fermentation 7) Where does pyruvic acid come from? glycolysis 8) Define lactic acid fermentation. An energy system that occurs without oxygen and allows glycolysis to continue. Produces Lactic Acid 9) Where does lactic acid form in animals? muscles 10) Why is it produced? Body cannot supply each cell with enough oxygen to continue regular cellular respiration. This system takes over and will allow glycolysis to continue and in the process produce a limited amount of ATP 11) Describe the feeling of lactic acid build up. Burning, painful muscle soreness 12) What is the purpose of lactic acid fermentation in your muscles? To produce ATP without oxygen 13) Define alcoholic fermentation. A type of fermentation that produces alcohol 14) What organisms does this occur in? yeast and a few microorganisms 15) Fg 6-20 What are the products of alcoholic fermentation? Alcohol, CO2, NAD+ (energy molecule) 16) Of Lactic acid fermentation? Lactic acid, NAD+ 17) How is alcoholic fermentation important to bakers? The CO2 causes the dough to rise 18) How is alcoholic fermentation important to brewers? Produces alcohol and CO2 bubbles in beer and sparkling wine 19) Why must alcoholic beverages be processed if an alcohol % above 12% is desired (hard alcohol)? The alcohol kills the yeast at a % of 12 20) Answer #3 section review 6-4 p. 131. The yeast will resort to the more efficient cellular respiration method of generating ATP and not produce any alcohol Ch 17 review Answers p. 378 Mc 1d 2d 3b 4b Tf1t 2 protein coat, nucleic acid 8 pathogens wr 5d 6a 3 prokaryote 7c 8d 4F cocci 5 facultative 6 phototrophic 7 conjugation 1 obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, obligate aerobe: method of energy production requiring oxygen or not phototrophic autotroph: energy system regarding source of energy & carbon source Document1 Page 7 of 10 Last printed 11/05/2017 4:47 AM 2. E. coli, Rhizobium, Salmonella: types of bacteria T4: virus 3. bacillus, spirillum, coccus: shapes of bacteria prophage: type of virus 4. measles, polio, rabies: virus diseases tetanus: bacteria 5. bacteria 6. cocci 7. obligate anaerobe 8. eubacteria cm 1. can not exist on their own 2. purple = gram positive = 1 thick layer in cell membrane pink = gram negative = 2 thick layers 3. autotroph make own food heterotrophs need to eat organic material for their carbon source 4. Rhizobium bacteria and soybean root: bacteria takes Nitrogen from the air and "fixes" into a nitrogen compound for the plant 5. decomposers = nutrient recycling, symbiotic relationships (nitrogen fixation), diseases / infection, food production, genetic engineering, medicines 6. conjugation: mix up dna but no extra cells are created binary fission: 2 smaller but identical cells (clones) endospore formation = dormancy state during poor conditions cct 1. population begins to use up its nutrients and space and therefore begins to die off 2. no, viruses need to reproduce in living cells 3. killing virus: benefit: stops virus caused diseases danger: will no longer kill "bad organsism", no longer causes genetic variation (evolution) killing bacteria: benefit: no diseases, less food spoilage danger: no nutrient recycling, less medicines Microscope Calculation Quiz 1) Name: Block: A person using a microscope with an ocular lens of 5X and an objective lens of 10X views some protozoa. What is the total magnification of the microscope? A) Formula = occular x objective B) Calculation 5 x 10 = 50x 2) You are using your microscopes from class. You measure the low power field of view and get 5mm. How many is this? use the unit conversion of mm to micrometers (microns) A) formula______________ B) 3) 5mm x 1000µ calculation What is the field of view under your medium (classroom microscopes) power based on question 2? a) Formula b) calculation Document1 Page 8 of 10 Last printed 11/05/2017 4:47 AM 4) This is the actual view of a bacterium under high power. The field of view is 0.5 mm. What is the actual size of this organism? a) Formula b) Calculation 5) If the actual size of an organism is 0.5 mm, and you drew a diagram of it below, what is the drawing magnification? a) Formula Your drawing (2 cm) b) Calculation 6) Using your microscope (field of view 4.5 mm under low power), you draw the following diagrams. Calculate the following. a) b) c) high power field of view. Actual size. Drawing magnification. 5 cm ¼ field of view Actual view high power Document1 Page 9 of 10 Last printed 11/05/2017 4:47 AM LABEL THE PARTS! drawing. A BODY TUBE N J BASE LOW OBJECTIVE C HIGH OBJECTIVE G COARSE ADJUSTMENT E OCCULAR / EYE PIECE D STAGE CLIPS H FINE ADJUSTMENT M LIGHT K STAGE E 10 F G A H B C D 10 4 40 I J K L M N Document1 Page 10 of 10 Last printed 11/05/2017 4:47 AM