Download 1 Anatomy 36 VAG Packet Unit 3 How are hormones transported in

Anatomy 36 VAG Packet Unit 3 How are hormones transported in the blood? Water soluble Hormones Lipid Soluble Hormones List the water soluble hormones List the lipid soluble hormones What controls the activity of the neurons of the hypothalamus? Could centers in the brain outside of the hypothalamus ultimately modify the secretions of the anterior pituitary? Explain how this could happen? Why is the posterior pituitary called a neural extension of the hypothalamus? 1 What is a hypophysiotropic hormone? What is the advantage of Long-­‐Loop Negative Feedback? Describe the interactions between Intrinsic Factor, Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid. Why are these necessary for maintaining normal RBC counts? Why is Folic Acid necessary for proper fetal development? Describe the actions of the following clotting factors and put them in the proper sequence from clot formation to clot dissolution: tissue factor, thrombin, prothrombin, plasmin, plasminogen, fibrinogen, fibrin. 2 List the different macrophage and the tissue they reside in. List the actions of macrophage in the Non-­‐Specific Immune Response. List the actions of macrophage in the Specific Immune Response. Why are macrophage SO important in the immune response? 3 What is the bodies NON-­‐SPECIFIC defense against bacteria? What is the bodies SPECIFIC defense against bacteria? What is the bodies NON-­‐SPECIFIC defense against virus? What is the bodies SPECIFIC defense against virus? Cells maintain concentration gradients. What is the gradient that is established and maintained for the following ions: Chemical symbol Outside the cell Inside the cell Sodium Potassium Calcium 4 If you were to open the following ion channels. What would that do to the membrane potential? Ion Depolarize, repolarize or hyperpolarize K+ +
Na 2+
Ca What is the difference between absolute refractory period and relative refractory period? What is the role of Ca2+ in the refractory period of a myocardial action potential? Diagram a myocardial action potential. Label where the absolute and relative refractory periods would be. 5 Nodal Cells Myocardial Cells What cells have L-­‐type Ca2+ channels What cells have T-­‐type Ca2+ channels What cells have F-­‐type Na+ channels What is the function of 2+
L-­‐type Ca channels in an action potential? What is the function of 2+
T-­‐type Ca channels in an action potential? What is the function of +
F-­‐type Na channels in an action potential? What would happen to the electrical activity of the heart if the person had hyperkalemia? Hypercalcemia causes myocardial arrhythmias and depressed neuromuscular activity. Explain why. 6 On the graph above: Label and highlight with color the following. Be sure to label in the correct channel (i.e. – volume changes should be labeled in the volume chanel, pressure changes should be labeled in the pressure chanel) Isovolumetric ventricular contraction Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation Ventricular ejection Ventricular Filling Atrial kick Highlight the dichrotic notch. Highlight the QRS complex Label the point where the aortic SL valve opens Label the point where the aortic SL valve closes 7 Which valves are OPEN Which valves are CLOSED Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation Ventricular filling Isovolumetric ventricular contraction Ventricular ejection Abbreviation Definition Units Heart Rate Stroke Volume Cardiac Output What factors determine this? Heart Rate Stroke Volume Cardiac Output MAP What is the difference between Starling’s Law of the Heart and Sympathetic activation in regulating CO? 8 Ca2+ is necessary for cross-­‐bridge cycling in myocardial contraction. How does Ca2+ get into the cytoplasm of myocardial cells under resting conditions. Explain how sympathetic activation increases contractility based on the figure above. 9