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Reading Unit 2 Part 2 Study Guide Name _____________________________________ Chinese company edits pig DNA, develops piglets that will stay pet-sized BEIJING, China — Have you been longing for a “teacup” pig but worried that your pet might grow as big as your bathtub? A Chinese company says it now has the answer: a swine that would weigh no more than about 33 pounds fully grown. The company, called BGI, created the pigs by changing their DNA, which contains the instructions for how each cell in the body works. DNA is passed on from parents to children. Pint-Sized Porkers BGI recently announced that it intends to start selling the miniature pigs for $1,600. The company originally created them to study human diseases. The pigs made a splash late last month when BGI showed them at the Shenzhen International Biotech Leaders Summit in China. The pint-size porkers were created through a process known as gene editing. Scientists “edited,” or changed, the swine’s DNA, turning off a gene so that cells do not get a signal to grow. Several celebrities have become known for their pet pigs. Miley Cyrus’ Bubba Sue and Paris Hilton’s Princess Piglette became so big they are hard to hold. George Clooney’s 18-year companion, Max, grew to 250 pounds before he died in 2006. Pets, Not Pork However, many people abandon pet pigs that grow too large. Animal breeders and experts say that a 33-pound pig could reduce this problem. Curt Mills works with the Southern California Association for Miniature PotBellied Pigs. He says four shelters for the animals in California are full, with about 150 pigs looking for homes. “Pigs are good pets, but a lot of issue is the size,” said Patty Morrisroe, a pig breeder in Dallas, Oregon. She says she has produced pigs that can be around 39 pounds fully grown. But only about 20 piglets are born each year, and she charges $2,500 to $5,500 for each one. “If you could immediately make a small pig, it would be very cool, but there are still a lot of questions,” she said. Staying In China, For Now It is not known whether BGI intends to offer its pigs for sale outside China. If Americans wanted them, the United States government would have to decide whether they could be imported. Alison Van Eenennaam visited BGI about three months ago and saw the micro pigs. She is a biotechnology expert at the University of California, Davis. Van Eenennaam said the fact that the company is advertising them as pets, not pork, reflects another problem. Many people around the world are opposed to using gene-edited, or bioengeneered, animals for food and other more serious purposes. Gene editing is a powerful technology, she said. It can produce animals that can resist disease. But worldwide, she said, no genetically changed animal has been approved to eat. Only a few medical products from genetically altered animals have even been allowed to be used to help humans. That, she believes, is making companies wary of spending money to develop the technology. GloFish Are Friends, Not Food People accept bioengineered pets, though, much more easily. A florescent fish, called GloFish, has been popular for a number of years in the United States. The fish were created by Singaporean researchers who inserted jellyfish and sea anemone genes into zebrafish eggs. “People are happy to have them in their aquarium," Van Eenennaam said. "But it’s when it’s on their dinner plate that they have a different attitude." A company called AquaBounty has been seeking for more than 20 years to win FDA approval to bring a genetically modified fast-growing salmon to supermarkets. The FDA stands for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and is the government agency in charge of making rules for food and medicines in the United States. What Happened To Their DNA? However, the technique used by BGI to create its micro pigs is different than the one used for the GloFish. And it could be a new problem if BGI wanted to bring the pigs to the United States. Instead of adding DNA, the micro pig was made by removing a piece of its DNA, said Max Rothschild. He is an agriculture professor at Iowa State University. Another question is how far gene editing should go. Controversial Gene Editing For several years, scientists have changed genes in adult human cells to make them resist disease. But this spring, a team of Chinese researchers announced that they had used gene editing to alter DNA in human embryos. They were trying to repair a defect that causes a blood condition that can sometimes be fatal. Yong Li works for BGI. He said that any profits from BGI’s pet micro pigs would be put into medical research. BGI believes it can use gene-editing not just to control the size of pet pigs but also to give consumers a choice of pet-pig colors. “We plan to take orders from customers now,” he said, “and see what the scale of the demand is.” PRACTICE QUESTIONS I can summarize a literary text based on facts, free from personal opinions and judgments. 1. Which statement would be MOST important to include in a summary of the article? (A) However, the technique used by BGI to create its micro pigs is different than the one used for the GloFish. (B) Instead of adding DNA, the micro pig was made by removing a piece of its DNA, said Max Rothschild. (C) The pint-size porkers were created through a process known as gene editing. (D) Many people around the world are opposed to using gene-edited, or bioengeneered, animals for food and other more serious purposes. I can identify central idea of a text. I can identify details in the text that support the central idea. 2. Which of the following answer choices describes two central ideas in the article? (A) BGI created a miniature pig by breeding two small pigs. (B) BGI created a miniature pig by removing a piece of pig DNA. (C) BGI created a miniature pig to help celebrities have pigs as pets. (D) BGI created a miniature pig to lower the number of pigs found in animal shelters. I can determine how an author’s use of details conveys (makes known) two or more central ideas over the course of a text. I can analyze how central ideas are developed over the course of a text. 3. Extended Response: Explain how the author develops two central ideas in this passage. Include two pieces of textual evidence to support EACH central idea. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ I can analyze the impact of a specific word choice on meaning (why did the author choose to use that word or phrase). 4. Review the first paragraph of the section "Staying In China, For Now." It is not known whether BGI intends to offer its pigs for sale outside China. If Americans wanted them, the United States government would have to decide whether they could be imported. Which selection from the paragraph helps explain the meaning of "imported"? (A) not known whether (B) sale outside China (C) intend to offer (D) would have to decide 5. Review the second paragraph of the section "Pint-Sized Porkers." The pigs made a splash late last month when BGI showed them at the Shenzhen International Biotech Leaders Summit in China. The pint- size porkers were created through a process known as gene editing. Scientists “edited,” or changed, the swine’s DNA, turning off a gene so that cells do not get a signal to grow. Based on the section, what is another way of saying "gene editing"? (A) (B) (C) (D) make a splash changing DNA studying diseases signal to grow NFL suspends Patriots star Tom Brady over deflated footballs in playoff With movie-star good looks and four Super Bowl championships, Tom Brady has been an NFL golden boy, But even a golden boy has to play by the rules. The NFL delivered that message loud and clear Monday. It suspended the New England Patriots star quarterback without pay for the first four games of next season. "The Integrity Of the Game" The punishment comes days after the football league announced results of an investigation. It found Brady was “likely generally aware” that team workers had conspired to let the air out of the Patriots’ footballs for last season’s American Football Conference (AFC) championship game. Deflating the balls made them easier to throw and catch. The Patriots were fined $1 million. They also were stripped of their first-round draft pick next year and a fourthround selection in 2017. Equipment workers John Jastremski and Jim McNally were suspended indefinitely. McNally had referred to himself as “the deflator” in text messages, according to investigators. NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell said it was critical to protect "the integrity of the game.” Setting Up An October Showdown Unless Brady’s suspension is reduced, he will not be able to play until an October game against the Indianapolis Colts. During the Jan. 18 championship game, the Colts told the NFL that the footballs were suspicious, and they were tested at halftime. Most of them were under the minimum of 12.5 pounds per square inch. The Patriots won that game, 45-7, and two weeks later defeated the Seattle Seahawks in the Super Bowl. Brady’s agent, Don Yee, called the NFL report “an incredibly frail exercise in fact-finding and logic." He said Brady would appeal the suspension. Team owner Robert Kraft released a statement saying that the decision against the Patriots was not based on good evidence. He also said the punishment was too severe. Is The Penalty Fair? Kraft called the investigation “one-sided.” He complained that he had scientific evidence that cold weather caused the problem, but it had been ignored. “Tom Brady has our unconditional support. Our belief in him has not wavered,” Kraft added. Brady’s suspension is twice as long as what was originally imposed last year on Baltimore Ravens running back Ray Rice. The Baltimore player struck the woman who was then his fiance and knocked her unconscious in an elevator. When video of the attack came out, Rice was suspended. In Brady's case, reaction to the penalties for what has been dubbed “Deflategate” was mixed. Former NFL linebacker Shawne Merriman was in favor of the suspension. “It’s a good thing the @nfl suspended Tom Brady now everyone knows that NOBODY is above the system,” he wrote on Twitter. "More Probable Than Not" Former NFL tight end Jake Ballard thought differently. “4 games?? What a joke!” he wrote. He said that the crime did not match the punishment, and the suspension was too severe. He ended his tweet with #lostmorerespectfortheNFL.” The 243-page report released by the NFL concluded it was “more probable than not” that a Patriots employee deflated the team’s footballs. The report stated that Brady was at least generally aware that the footballs deflated. The Patriots have been accused of cheating in the past. However, not all NFL rule breaking results in a strong penalty. Last season, during a 12-degree game in Minneapolis, Vikings workers were captured on camera using heaters to warm the footballs, which is against the rules. The league gave the Vikings a warning. In 2012, the San Diego Chargers were fined $20,000 for failing to immediately surrender illegal “Stickum” towels when officials asked for them. The towels improve the grip on the ball. "Accountable For His Actions" Brady refused to give investigators access to his email and text messages. His unwillingness to fully cooperate — along with the team’s past history of cheating — likely led to a heavier penalty. “Each player, no matter how accomplished and otherwise respected, has an obligation to comply with the rules," said NFL Executive Vice President Troy Vincent. A player "must be held accountable for his actions when those rules are violated and the public’s confidence in the game is called into question.” Love Him Or Hate Him? By every indication, Brady is still as popular as ever among Patriots’ fans. He was cheered enthusiastically last week, one day after the NFL report was released, at an event at Salem State University in Massachusetts. And there were loud boos when journalist Jim Gray asked him whether the controversy diminished New England’s Super Bowl championship. Brady smiled broadly before answering, “Absolutely not,” to more cheers. To some, that showed the arrogance of the Patriots, while others argued both sides. “If you hate the Patriots you’re going to say those guys always cheat,” said Rich Gannon, a former NFL quarterback and league's Most Valued Player. “But if Tom Brady had 12.5 pounds of pressure in those footballs or 11, what difference does it make? He’s still one of the greatest quarterbacks ever. But the bottom line is, the rules were violated and there’s a price to pay.” PRACTICE QUESTIONS I can summarize a literary text based on facts, free from personal opinions and judgments. 6. Short Answer: Provide a summary of the article that is based on facts. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ I can evaluate a claim or argument based on its support (e.g. is the evidence necessary; irrelevant). 7. Each sentence provides evidence the Patriots may have deliberately cheated EXCEPT: (A) It found Brady was “likely generally aware” that team workers had conspired to let the air out of the Patriots’ footballs for last season’s American Football Conference (AFC) championship game. (B) McNally had referred to himself as “the deflator” in text messages, according to investigators. (C) Equipment workers John Jastremski and Jim McNally were suspended indefinitely. (D) Most of them were under the minimum of 12.5 pounds per square inch. I can classify evidence that supports an argument or specific claim and evidence that does not support an argument or specific claim. 8. Based on the section "Love Him Or Hate Him?" how do many people form their opinion about the patriots cheating scandal? (A) based on the league's evidence (B) based on the Patriot's argument (C) based on their personal feelings for the Patriots (D) based on their personal feelings about the rules 9. Extended Response: Using the following claim, Tom Brady was aware of the deflated footballs the entire time, in the article “NFL suspends Patriots star Tom Brady over deflated footballs in playoff” to classify ONE piece of evidence that supports the claim and explain why. Then classify ONE piece of evidence that does not support the claim and explain why. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________