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Transcript
The Moors In 711 A.D., General Tarik, accompanied by 100 horses and 400 African soldiers, crossed over into Spain on an exploratory mission. Tarik's small army ravaged several Spanish towns and returned to Africa laden with spoils. Later that same year, Tarik took an army of 7000 Africans, crossing from Africa to Gilbraltar (named after him), defeating King Roderic and conquering most of the Iberian Peninsula. Thus began the Moorish domination of Spain, which was not fully ended until 1492. The Moors built magnificent cities in Spain. Cordoba, in the tenth century was much like a modern metropolis. The streets were paved, and there were sidewalks for pedestrians. At night it was said that one could travel for ten miles by the light of lamps along a continuous strip of buildings. This was several hundred years before there was a paved street in Paris or a street lamp in London. The population of the city was over one million. There were 200,000 homes, 800 public schools, a number of colleges and universities, and many royal places surrounded by beautiful gardens. Education was universal in Moorish Spain, available to the most humble, while 99% of Christian Europe was illiterate—not even the kings could read or write. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, public libraries did not exist in Christian Europe, while Moorish Spain had more than seventy, of which the one in Cordoba contained over six hundred thousand manuscripts. There were more than seventeen great universities in Moorish Spain, while Christian Europe had only two universities of any value. Scientific progress in astronomy, chemistry, geography, mathematics, physics, and philosophy flourished in Moorish Spain. Scholars, artist and scientists formed learning societies, while scientific congresses were organized to promote research and to facilitate the spread of knowledge. A brisk intellectual life flourished in all Islamic dominated societies. The moors also introduced the manufacture of gunpowder into Europe, which their enemies later adopted, using this explosive to drive them back to Africa. 1. How did the Moors conquer Spain? How long did their reign last? 2. How did the Moors impact Spanish cities? 3. How was education different for the Moors than the rest of Europe? 4. What were some scientific achievements? 5. What did the Moors introduce to Europe? Crusades: The Crusades had long-lasting effects on the economy, society, and politics in Europe and the Holy Land. First, trade increased as people in Europe learned about products from Asia, such as the spices and textiles that had been brought home by Crusaders. Second, the Crusades brought changes to the political structure of Europe. Because many nobles and knights died during the Crusades, some kings took their land to increase their own power. Also, fighting between European nations decreased because their soldiers were fighting elsewhere. Third, relations between people of different religions suffered as a result of the Crusades. Many Europeans became intolerant, thinking of all non-Christians as enemies. In return, Muslims and Jews viewed Christians as invaders. These attitudes caused strained relations between the groups for centuries. Finally, a lasting impact of the Crusades was Europeans’ rediscovery of Ancient Greek and Roman knowledge that was preserved by the Muslims. As trade increased with the Middle East, this knowledge was restored in Europe. Suddenly the doors to a new world of ideas opened to Italians who could read. They began looking for more information, reading Arabic translations of original texts and searching the libraries and finding lost texts. As they read, they began to think about art, philosophy, and science in different ways. Along the way they began to think more like the classical thinkers who had believed in the human capacity to create and achieve. 1. How did the Crusades impact trade? Justify your answer. 2. How did the Crusades change politics? 3. How did the Crusades impact Europeans’ views on non-Christians? 4. What was a lasting impact of the Crusades on Europe? 5. Why was the rediscovery of new works important to Europeans? Italian City-States: Urban areas also began to specialize, particularly in Italy. The territory that today makes up Italy was divided into several large citystates in the north and various kingdoms and the Papal States in the south. The northern city-states of Venice, Milan, and Florence became bustling centers of commerce. In these city-states, the Roman Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, and artisans dominated society. Merchants were usually either bankers or traders. Artisans practiced such crafts as goldsmithing. Knowledge of arts such as painting, sculpture, and architecture increased as nobles and merchants sought to display their new wealth. Venice, a city with access to the sea, built its economy and reputation on trade. Its people had a long history of trading with other ports along the Mediterranean Sea. Shipbuilding prospered, and sailors traveled to the Near East. As a result, Venetian merchants became some of the wealthiest in the world. They used this wealth to build a unique city that has been described as “a work of art.” Milan, to the west of Venice, based its economy on agriculture, silk, and weapons. Florence, to the south, was famous for its banking and cloth. Monarchs appealed to Florentine bankers for money to fund wars or other endeavors. Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth and sold it abroad. The leading merchants and bankers poured their wealth into creating a city that rivaled any other in Europe. The government of Florence, Italy during the Renaissance was a republic. The wealthy merchant class helped the Renaissance flourish in northern Italy. Even though Florence was a republic, the wealthy families, like the Medici family, had economic power over much of the city-state. 1. What happened to the territory that is Italy today? 2. What happened to the cities in the North? 3. What was a merchant? 4. What form of government did Florence have? 5. How did the merchant class impact Florence? Art: In medieval times, artwork was created by anonymous artists who worked for the church. During the Renaissance, artists worked for whoever offered them the highest price. The buyers of art, or patrons, might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or the church. Wealthy individuals competed against one another, displaying their wealth and modernity through the purchase of artworks. Styles and Techniques Renaissance artists wanted to paint the natural world as realistically as possible, which was a change from the style of the Middle Ages. To help with this goal, they studied perspective. Using perspective, artists could represent three-dimensional objects on flat surfaces. Painters also experimented with new ways of using color to portray shapes and textures accurately. Renaissance art also differed from that of the Middle Ages in its subject matter. Although many artists continued to choose religious subjects, artists began to paint and sculpt scenes from Greek and Roman myths. In addition, religious paintings focused as much on the human personality of the figures as their religious significance. This shift in themes displayed the humanist interest in classical learning and human nature. During the Renaissance, the design of buildings also reflected humanist reverence of Greek and Roman culture. Churches, palaces, and public buildings incorporated columns and domes inspired by those of classical Greek and Roman architecture. Leonardo da Vinci achieved greatness in many areas, among them painting, engineering, science, and architecture. Two of his paintings became extremely famous, Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He also came up with ideas for a flying machine, a tank, and a machine gun. Among other things, he designed and built canals and a machine to cut threads in screws. Michelangelo Buonarroti was an accomplished sculptor who was able to make very lifelike human statues. His statue David is still unsurpassed. He also painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and created many other masterpieces in painting, sculpture, and architecture. 1. How did patrons impact art? 2. How was Renaissance art different from the Middle Ages? 3. Why was perspective important? 4. What time period influenced Renaissance artists? 5. Leonardo was known as a Renaissance Man. He was a painter and what else? Machiavelli: After a period of war in the early 1500s, life in Italy seemed insecure and precarious. The church no longer served as a source of stability and peace. Looking for comfort and guidance in the midst of this instability, some people turned to a form of humanism developed from Petrarch’s ideas. Their focus was also secular; that is, they had a worldly rather than a spiritual focus. These humanists argued that individual achievement and education could be fully expressed only if people used their talents and abilities in the service of their cities. Under their influence, the ideal Renaissance man came to be the “universal man,” accomplished in the classics, but also a man of action. Such a man could respond to all situations. One of these humanists, the Italian diplomat Baldassare Castiglione (cas-steel-YOH-nay) wrote a book called The Courtier. Published in 1528, it describes how the perfect Renaissance gentleman— and gentlewoman—should act. In the book Castiglione creates a fictional conversation between a duke and his guests. They discuss how courtiers and court ladies should behave, suggesting that they should Speak of serious subjects as well as amusing ones, Have a knowledge of Latin and Greek, Be well-acquainted with poetry and history, Be able to write prose as well as poetry. Merchants also used Castiglione’s book as a guide to behavior. They hoped that if they acted like courtiers, they would raise their status. At about the same time that Castiglione was finishing The Courtier, a fellow Italian, Niccolò Machiavelli (mahk-ee-uh-VEL-ee) of Florence, was writing another influential book. Machiavelli was a political philosopher and statesman whose experiences with violent politics of the time influenced his opinions about how governments should rule. He set down his ideas in a book called The Prince. Much of Machiavelli’s advice seemed to encourage harsh treatment of citizens and rival states. He describes men as “ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers” and advises rulers to separate morals from politics. Power and ruthlessness, Machiavelli says, are more useful than idealism to a ruler. He insists that a ruler must do whatever is necessary to maintain political power, even if it is viewed as cruel, for without it the state will cease to exist. 1. How did the role of the Church start to change in Italy? 2. What is secular? 3. How did humanists envision (see) achievement being expressed? 4. How did Machiavelli describe men? 5. How did Machiavelli suggest a leader should rule? Vikings Vikings were pagans, not Christians like most people in Britain. A Viking robber did not think twice about robbing a Christian church. Christian monasteries in Britain were easy to attack, because the monks in the monasteries had no weapons. Churches and monasteries kept valuable treasures, such as gold, jewels and books. There were food, drink, cattle, clothes and tools too - tempting for greedy Vikings. Viking ships The Vikings built fast ships for raiding and war. These ships were 'dragon-ships' or 'longships'. The Vikings also had slower passenger and cargo ships called knorrs. They built small boats for fishing or short trips. Viking longships could sail in shallow water. So they could travel up rivers as well as across the sea. In a raid, a ship could be hauled up on a beach. The Vikings could jump out and start fighting, and then make a quick getaway if they were chased. To launch the ship, the Vikings pushed it into the water. They slid it over log rollers to make the pushing easier. 1. Are these images primary or secondary sources explain your reasoning? 2. From these pictures what ideas or characteristics can we determine about Vikings? 3. How were the making of Viking ships an advantage to their lifestyles? 4. Draw a Viking ship? MUSLIMS Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Udi8bek3s7c List 3 facts you heard about Muslims and how they helped improve the ancient world?