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Phrases Phrase A group of related words that is used: – As a single part of speech – Does not contain a verb and its subject Phrase Six types: – Prepositional phrase • Adjective phrase • Adverb phrase – Verbals • Participial phrase • Gerund phrase • Appositive phrase PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Prepositional Phrases • What is a preposition? – around – between – through --about --from --during • What is a prepositional phrase? – The dog ran around the flag pole. – The dog ran around the flag pole and bushes. Adjective Phrase Prepositional phrases may be used to modify nouns or pronouns in the same way as adjectives A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun is an adjective phrase Adjective Phrase • Don’t forget: – An adjective answers the following questions: • What kind? • Which one? • How many? Adjective Phrase A heroic act An act of heroism The blue one The one in blue The rooms of the house smelled damp and musty. Few of the villagers have ever been there before. The girl with the trumpet in the next house keeps us awake. Adjective Phrase • The roads of ancient Rome linked the far corners of the empire. • Large blocks of the hardest stone paved the surface of the major routes. • Close communication between provinces strengthened the position of the Roman rulers. Adjective Phrase • Caesar’s interest in military roads showed his concern with communication. • Roman roads were one reason for the success of Caesar’s military operations. Adverb Phrase A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb is an adverb phrase. – The fox escaped into its hole. – Althea Gibson was graceful on the tennis court. – The sun rises earlier in the morning now. Adverb Phrase Remember: adverb phrases tell us when, where, why, how, or to what extent – The wind came up during the night. – We spent the day at the beach. – The children combed the shore for shells. – I usually travel by bus. – She missed the train by a few seconds. Adverb Phrase (phrase and what part of speech it modifies) • Eerie sounds came from the abandoned house. • Are some old houses haunted by ghosts? • On a moonlit night, my parents and I searched through the unused house. Adverb Phrase • We weren’t afraid of any ghosts. • In the cellar we found two alley cats. • The strange noises were made by these animals. Adverb Phrase • We carefully placed the cat in the box. • They both seemed happy with their temporary home. • We walked up the steps, out the door, and across the lawn. • At a leisurely pace, we returned to our own house. Review • What questions do adjectives answer, and what parts of speech do they modify? • What questions do adverbs answer, and what parts of speech do they modify? • Explain how a prepositional phrase can function as an adjective or an adverb phrase. Verbals and Verbal Phrases • Forms of a verb that are used not as verbs but as other parts of speech • Act as adjectives, nouns, and adverbs • Three kids of verbals: – Participles – Gerunds – Infinitives Verbals and Verbal Phrases A participle is a verb form used as an adjective. – The burning leaves smelled good. – The sleeping dog groaned. – A cracked record can ruin a stylus. – Discouraged by the mishap, the boy hung his head. A Few Examples: • Focused on the destruction of his mother, Stewie is an evil genius. • Sitting in his high chair, he frequently plots her demise. A Few Examples… • Lois, charmed by her son’s boyish giggle, does not suspect his plans. • Dreaming of world domination, Stewie knows that his meddling mother stands in his way. Participial Phrase • Consists of a participle and its related words, such as modifiers and complements, all of which are together as an adjective – Approaching the curve, the truck slowed down. – I could see Frank sitting three seats away. – I heard him whispering to his friend. – Acquitted by the jury, the defendant shook hands with her lawyer. Some Practice… • Hoping to destroy his mother, Stewie hid a harpoon in his diaper. • Stewie, feigning a dirty diaper, cried for Lois’ attention,. • Carrying him, Lois thought he felt a little heavy. • She carried him to the bedroom, dismayed by his sudden weight gain. Some Practice… • Stewie, waiting for the right moment, continued to wail. • Shocked by his behavior, Lois quickly tried to change him. Some Practice… • Snarling in fury, Stewie grabbed the harpoon and fired at Lois. • Reaching for the talcom powder, Lois bent over just in time. • Lois, surprised by her son’s attack, decided he was just fussy. Try a Few More… On your homework! Review • What is a phrase? • What is a verbal? • What parts of speech do participial phrases act as? The Gerund A verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun Gerund • Examples: – Walking is good exercise. – I enjoy playing the viola. – Watering the lawn produced good results. – We avoided the rush by mailing the cards early. Gerunds • Can be used as the following: – Subject – Object – Predicate Nominative – Object of the Preposition Gerunds • Gerunds as a subject: – Running is one of Miss Howard’s favorite activities. Gerunds • Gerunds as an object: – Miss Howard really likes running. Gerunds • Gerunds as a predicate nominative: – Miss Howard’s favorite activity is running. Gerunds • Gerunds as an object of the preposition: – Miss Howard relieves stress by running. Which is Which?? Are these gerunds or participles? If a gerund, how is it being used? If a participle, what is it modifying? • Their whispering caught the attention of the teacher. • Shirley enjoys hiking. Which is Which? • Besides eating, what else do you like to do when you go out? • A discriminating viewer occasionally shuts off the TV and reads a good book. Which is Which? • Telling the difference between the twins is hard even for their parents. • An unforgettable experience was visiting the zoo for the first time. Which is Which? • Climbing to the top of the mountain, Carl could see for miles. • Jenny occupied herself by writing song lyrics. Which is Which? • My new puppy does not like staying by itself in an empty house. • Sensing the danger nearby, he began to shout for help. Gerund Phrase A gerund phrase: consists of a gerund together with its complements and modifiers, all of which act together as a noun Gerund Phrase – Looking at the clock is a rude habit. • (subject) – She dislikes gossiping about one’s friends. • (direct object) – An unfortunate experience was getting bitten by the pony at the petting zoo. • (predicate nominative) – He improved his appearance by losing weight. • (object of the preposition--losing has a DO: weight) I AM LEGEND By Richard Mattheson I AM LEGEND • In I Am Legend , Will Smith fears turning into a vampire-like zombie like the rest of mankind. • Hunting and killing these zombies is his job in the film. I AM LEGEND • He also tries radioing other survivors. • Besides searching for others, Will Smith takes care of his dog, Sam. I AM LEGEND • Will Smith and Sam enjoy walking and playing during the day. • When the sun goes down, however, they survive by hiding in the bathtub. I AM LEGEND • The zombies’ shrieking keeps them awake. • Hunting the zombies is a very dangerous task. I AM LEGEND • He hates capturing them, but he must in order to find an antidote. Saving the human race is his responsibility. Review • Gerunds and gerund phrases act as what part of speech? • What parts of a sentence can gerunds and gerund phrases act as? • What is the difference between a participle and a gerund? The Infinitive A verb form, usually preceded by to that is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb Infinitives! • It can be used as: – Noun – adjective – adverb Infinitives! • To err is human. – Infinitive used as the subject • Lorna attempted to flee. – Infinitive is direct object of the verb attempted • She is the candidate to watch. – Infinitive used as an adjective modifying candidate Infinitives! • The doctor to call is Inada. – Infinitive used as an adjective modifying doctor • The plane was ready to go. – infinitive used as an adverb modifying ready • The tiger tensed its muscles to spring. – Infinitive used to modify the verb tensed Infinitives! • IMPORTANT: to + a noun/pronoun = prep phrase -He ran to the finish line. to + verb = infinitive -He ran to finish the race faster. Infinitives! • Do you want to meet at the corner? • We are eager to go. • Our way to relax is to listen to classical music • I am easy to please. • We are waiting to talk with the principal. Infinitives! • The soup is still too hot to eat. • To learn, you must listen. • This summer she hopes to travel in the west. • To hike through the woods is fun. • To forgive is sometimes difficult. Infinitive Phrases • Infinitive Phrase: – Consists of an infinitive together with its complements and modifiers – Can be used as adjectives, adverbs, and nouns Infinitive Phrases • To hit a curve ball solidly is very difficult. – Infinitive phrase used as a subject • This kind of book is hard to read rapidly. – Infinitive phrase used as an adverb to modify rapidly • She wants to be the captain. – Infinitive phrase used as direct object of the verb wants Infinitive Phrases • Occasionally, the to that is usually the sign of an infinitive will be omitted in a sentence. This happens frequently after verbs such as: – – – – – – See Hear Feel Watch Please Let --Help --Know --Dare --Need --Make Infinitive Phrases • Did you watch her [to] run the race? • He doesn’t dare [to] tell the teacher. • She would not let the dog [to] go. 300 300 • The movie 300 is about a group of Spartan soldiers who strive to protect their ancient city. • In Sparta, all boys must train to be warriors. 300 • One boy, Leonidas, was able to kill a wolf with a spear and eventually became King. 300 • Years later, the Persians came with a threat to overtake Sparta. • Leonidas desired to save his people from the Persians. 300 • He rallied his troops until they were ready to fight. 300 • They built a wall along the Hot Gates to trap the Persians. • To many, their plight seemed hopeless. • However, they won many battles. 300 • To kill Xerxes was Leonidas’ ultimate goal. • In the end, the Spartans were not the group to support. 300 • To win would have been impossible, but they did make Xerxes realize he was not a god. Review • What parts of speech can an infinitive or infinitive phrase act as? • What is the difference between a prepositional phrase and an infinitive phrase? Appositives and Appositive Phrases Appositives: noun or pronoun that follows another noun or pronoun to identify or explain it Appositive Phrase: made up of an appositive and its modifiers Appositives • My aunt and uncle, the Giovannis, own a store, the Empire Shoe Shop on Main Street. • A good all-around athlete, Roland is a promising candidate for the decathlon, the Olympic event that tests ten different skills. Appositives Note: Appositives and appositive phrases are set off by commas, unless the appositive is a single word closely related to the preceding word. The comma is always used when the word to which the appositive refers is a proper noun. Appositives • Dr. Blumenthal, our family doctor, is a fine woman. • Her son Bill is my best friend. • Natalie, her daughter, is another good friend.