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Transcript
The Italian Renaissance- Why Italy? • The word “Renaissance” 1st used in 1th century to describe the revival of interest in art/poetry etc… of Greece and Rome. But it came to mean the broader consciousness of the age • Why Italy? – Rome had been there- examples everywhere. – When Constantinople fell Byzantines came to Italy- which brought more knowledge – Long distance trade already bringing in $$ What is a Renaissance? Began in Italy in early 1300s (until about 1500) Elsewhere from about 1450-1600(ish) A focus on the secular, rather than the spiritual world (typical of Mid. Ages) The word coined by Jacob Burkhardt describing the time period as a “rebirth” from the “darkness” of the middle ages Economic Changes • Began with Crusades- • Italy NOT unified Venice and Genoa made $$ with sea trade to/from Constantinople. • Florence not on coast- but concentrated on banking and wool industry, made $$ too. The “florin” became the standard currency of Europe • Signori (despots) or Oligarchies (generally merchant aristocracies) controlled most of the city states • Commenda- contract between merchant and adventurers to travel long distance- merchants put up $$, got 1/3 profit Who had one? The upper classes- they were the people with time and resources to experiment. No more than 25% of population participating Ordinary people were not out painting and sculpting, but the were impacted by new viewpoints and attitudes. Social Structure • Social mobility much more evident than it had been during the Middle Ages. Changed to reflect manufacturing and banking. Rural nobility then married into this new $$. Wealth dictated marriage (dowry). Patriarchy- male dominated society. • Popolo Grasso- “Fat people”, wealthy merchants and nobles. Farmland owned by wealthy, most farmers tenants. • Mediocri- middle or small merchants • Popolo Minuto- “little people” laborers Political Organization • City states rather than a nation. (more like Greece than Rome, will end up hurting them in the long run) • 2 main categories: Republics (communes) where associations of free men made decisions. Venice/Florence • Principalities had hereditary signori. Milan/Naples • Balance of power pattern emerged where weaker states would ally with others to prevent domination. • Origins of modern diplomacy- cities sent ambassadors, held summits etc…. • Condottieri: mercenary generals with private armies Venice • Built from the Crusades- had the ideal placement for trade in the eastern Mediterranean/Black Seasthey even went along Atlantic coast. • Had a representative gov’t (Republic) with a constitution to balance political power. • Doge: chief executive elected for life by senate (only about 2500 citizens could vote) • Needed to be cohesive b/c of threat from Ottoman Empire • Known as “La Serenissima” the most Serene. Longest lasting independent city state (well into 1800s) • Greatest maritime power until 1500s • Had an “empire” of trade outposts (like ancient Athens) Florence • Also Republic, with frequent political conflict as factions struggled for power. (example 1378 “Ciompi” named for “wooden shoes” protestors) • 1434-1494 Medici (banking) family took power- ran city • Cosmo/Lorenzo used patronage of the arts to make Florence magnificent. • Medici driven from power 1512-1527. 1530 made Florence a Duchy • Cosmo most powerful politician • Lorenzo most famous patron of arts- the “example” of a Renaissance prince. • Ousted by a priest Savonarolawho gave sermons on wickedness, sin and secularity Milan • Principality. Grew rich from arms and textile manufacturing. • Ruled until 1447 by Visconti family (died out became republic) • 1450 Sforza family took over until 1494 when France invaded • Military state- not big into arts (exception- Leonardo’s giant horse for Duke of Milan) • Major enemy of Florence and Venice- fought frequently until Peace of Lodi 1454 created a 40 year truce (response to concerns when the Ottomans conquered Constantinople) Papal States • Popes control the center of Italy. Trying to restore prestige of pope damaged in great schism. Great patrons of arts- rebuilt St. Peter’s • Pope Julius II “warrior pope” took papacy to war to gain political power. Popes ruled: levied taxes, had armies/navies, diplomatic relations with other countries • Borgia Family dominated papacy from 1455-1507. • Caesar Borgia (son of Pope Alexander II) model for Machiavelli’s “Prince” • Sack for Rome in 1527 by Charles V (HRE) ends the Italian Renaissance Naples • Principality in Southern Italy- largest area. • Disputed by king of Aragon, dominated by feudal lords (rather than merchants) challenging King’s power- leading to conflict. Invaded by Ottomans, then France (1266-1435) and finally Spain (after 1435) • Only part of Italy with actual “king”- strongest title- weakest state New Intellectual Developments: Humanism • Comes from classical interest in the potential of the individual. Focus on the secular, use vernacular. • Result of increased education- learning rhetoric, poetry, history, philosophy (classical curriculum) • Against scholasticism, moving towards science, learn and decide for yourself. Question, and make new discoveries. • People are naturally good, • • • • have the power to understand the world. Believe in potential- Virtuexcellence in all pursuits. The key to a good life is reason and nature Reject the Aristotelian view in favor of Cicero, Livy, Virgil and Plato. Civic Humanism: education should prepare people for greater good. Still VERY Christian Petrarch: Father of Humanism • Lawyer and Cleric, he devoted his life to writing. (his work and Dante’s standardize Florentine vernacular into “Italian”) • Admired Cicero and Augustine (who believed you had to DO something with you life) • Wrote Poetry (sonnets) and an imaginary dialogue with St. Augustine where he discussed what made a moral life. • Rejected Renaissance church leaders and argued for a return to the early ideals of the church. • Considered the first “modern” writer, his ideas are no longer subordinate to religion. Also first to use critical analysis of ancient texts. Spreading Humanism Humanism became very influential in Florence (enhanced by additional knowledge of Greek writings after fall of Constantinople 1453) Also enhanced by invention of the printing press (Gutenberg 1454) which made it practical for things to be widely published. By 1500 there were 10 million books in Europe- greater access to info of all types Boccaccio 1313-1375 Created a compendium of Greek and Roman mythology The Decameron: a collection of 100 stories which were a social commentary (about human behavior and all possible flaws) on Italy in the 1300s. Leonardo Bruni 1370-1444 First person to call it “humanism”. A civic humanist, his goal was to make Florence better- wrote first modern history of a place, with primary sources and interviews of citizens Leonardo Valla 1407-1457 Expert on Latin language. Exposed errors in the language of the Vulgate (the official bible of the RC church) Unintentially gave critics of the church ammo- he himself was a devote Catholic. Humanism and Education Medieval universities were for clergy to train in law, theology etc… but professional training for many careers began in the Renaissance. For 1st time schools were separated by age and ability. Studied Greek/Latin, history, literature, science “the humanities”. Children encouraged to study moral lessons as well Others Marsilio Ficino Pico della Miranda 1433-1499 1463-1494 Founded Platonic academy at “Oration on the Dignity of request of Cosmo di Medici. Translated Plato into Latingiving most of Europe access to Plato for the 1st time. Man”- about the nature of humans. We were created by God for greatness, but have free will, and we rise or fall based on our own choices Baldasare Castiglione • 1478-1529 • “The Book of the Courtier”- was about the qualities you need to be a gentleman, to live a gracious and active life. • Described what came to be known as a “renaissance man”(a contrast to the medieval view that you should concentrate on one thing)- someone well educated in classics, who can play music, dance, is well mannered and physically strong. Machiavelli: “The Prince” • 1513 • Most influential book of Renaissance. • Assumption that people are selfish, and leader must use power to protect us from our base nature. Said leaders must manipulate people to meet goals- had to be strong • Admired what worked more than what was “right”. • Sometimes seen a cynical, but assumes the goal is to build the best (therefore most powerful) state possible. • 1st modern treatise of political science- tells you how to do it. Achievements in Art and Architecture • Italy is more Urban than rural- helped the arts- also had experience with products that became works of art. • Patrons: wealthy supporters of the arts (medici) Church common patron. • Art 1st flowered in Florence not only because of patrons, but a tradition of art in the city (Giotto) • Focus on art shows the age is changing. (Castles/Cathedrals of M.A. showed their focus) Personal conspicuous consumption admired. • Art itself is an expression of human creativity- and Renaissance Italy was the 2nd great flowering of European art (Greece 1st) Birth of idea of artist as “genius” • Rome surpassed Florence as center of art in 1500s (church) Artisan vs. Artist Artisans had always existed: skillfully created useful things Artists: a new (reborn) idea- made things that were beautiful for the sake of beauty. Their magnificent accomplishments made them the celebrities of the era Patronage Came from great families who kept their wealth not in banks (which is funny b/c the Medici are bankers) but on the walls, in the courtyard etc… consumerism Manifested their corporate power- the wealth of Florence was visible around the city. (David) Glorify the city and God (Duomo, gates of paradise) Sculpture 1st time since classical Designed to be seen in the that sculpture has been a big focus. The human body is beautiful- 1st nudes since classical Made busts of their leaders/heroes, and figures from mythology round (medieval were relief ) Copied Greek idea of perfection of the body Glorified the individual showed strength and integrity. Contraposto: weight on one leg Painting • Less influenced by classical (few had survived) Medieval had been very serious and symbolic • Better techniques invented Oil paint, developed perspective • Asserts human powerpeople are unique with distinct postures and facesput their world in their paintings • Chiaroscoro- use of light and dark colors to create depth • Sfumato (created by da vinci) softening of sharp lines for a lightly blurred effect (mona lisa) Architecture • United creativity and science to build in new ways. Loved classical inspiration (columns and arches) • Built giant domes (duomo) to be seen for miles. • Leon Battista Alberti- wrote a theory of architecture based on “perfect” forms (square and circle) Beauty comes from observing the rules of proportion to create harmony. • Simplicity, symmetry, balance. Contrasted with the highly ornamental gothic style of the middle ages Examples of Artists: Giotto 1266-1366 The last medieval/first renaissance painter. Pioneered Chiaroscoro. Filippo Brunelleschi Sculptor and architect- won contest to build the new cathedral of Florence (Duomo) built 1420-34. When built was the largest dome ever created- looks even bigger from inside b/c of perspective Lorenzo Ghiberti 1378-1455 Won contest to design doors of cathedral “gates of paradise” Used a combination of classical and religious subjects and sensibilities Leonardo Da Vinci • 1452-1519 • A true “renaissance man” as well as artist (engineer, scientist, philosopher) • Constantly moved from one idea, one technique to another. Known for mastery of facial expressions and realistic backgrounds • Experiments sometimes went wrong- Last Supper 1498 was an new fresco technique- epic fail Donatello 1386-1466 Sculptor. His David (1408) was the first full nude since the classical age. Mary Magdellan expresses extreme emotion Massacio 1401-1428 Painter- first painter to do nudes. Expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden. Raphael 1483-1520 Short but important artistic career. Famous for “Madonnas” (showing love between mother and child) Most famous single painting is “School of Athens” with contemporaries as great thinkers of the past. Perfect example of all primary renaissance techniques Boticelli 1444-1510 Painter, known for detail and delicacy. Did much less religious work, used lots of allegory and mythology. “Birth of Venus” most famous painting Bramante Architect during high renaissance. Hired by Pope Julius II to build a cathedral on the spot where St. Peter had been crucified. Primary architect of St. Peter’s (Michelangelo changed some plans after he died) Michelangelo • 1475-1564 • Like Leonardo he was good at many things (which is what made these 2 the “superstars”) est. known for sculpture and painting. • His 18 ft David is a symbol of the Renaissance. • Worked for church on St. Peter’s- the Sistine Chapel is his most famous contribution (combo of classical and religious themes) • Pieta- showing emotion of the moment. Designed the Dome of St. Peter’s- making sure it was bigger than the one in Florence Titan 1485-1576 Greatest painter of Venetian school- which was more influenced by the Byzantines then the classical Greeks. Typified by vivid colors and movement (florence was paler and calmer) Titan himself loved red hair The Northern Renaissance- why different? Renaissance spread more slowly outside of Italy not as many large cities to be centers of ideas. Feudalism hampered some new ideas Not as much classical remains around to “inspire” Renaissance in north centered on kings and their courts (not typical in Italy) which changed it’s focus Northern Humanism • In Low countries, France, German States, and England. • Focused on writings of early Christians rather than classical agealthough sought to to combine best elements of classical/christianitystressing reason and ethics • Studied ancient texts – and applied to editing the bible. Not as secular, focus on what religion should be. • Wanted to improve society and reform the church. • Emphasized education and the power of human intellect to bring change and moral improvement. • Began to criticize scholaticism and dogma of church- leading towards reformation Desidrius Erasmus 1466-1536 • Monk and professor. • Colloquies - dialogues for his students on how to speak and live well • Adages- ancient and contemporary proverbs and sayings (he was famous for his sayings) • United classical ideals of harmony and civic virtue with christian love and piety. • Edited and changed vulgate (made church made) • In Praise of folly- most widely read book, said church should worry more about praying and less about art. Wanted to reform church, not abandon it (that’s why he wrote in Latin) • First humanist to earn a living through his writing Jasques leFevre d’Etables 1454-1536 French. Produced psalms that challenged the Vulgate (from ancient writings) Condemned for Heresy Thomas More • 1478-1536- a Civic Humanist • Chancellor to Henry VIII in Eng. Wanted to use classical and Christian ideas to make a better world. • Utopia (“nowhere”- has come to mean a perfect world) everything should be held in common. Poverty creates the problems of society • Reform of social institutions that create the human world is the key to a better society • Executed by Henry VIII b/c he would not sign the Act of Supremacy Francis Rabelais 1494-1553 Championed secular world, especially in education Had confidence in human nature (reflecting ideas of Renaissance) Gargantua and Pantagruel: a folk epic, comedic, satirized French society Northern Art Did more painting than sculpture Oil paintings, engravings and woodcuts. Known for detail, bright/dark of colors, long lean figures, suffering Fugger family(banking) important patrons of Northern art Renaissance music developed in the North and spread south (opposite of visual arts) Jan Van Eyck 1339-1441 Dutch (Flemish) painted with oil on wood or canvas. Arnolfini Wedding- combo of earthiness and piety Used a lot or religious symbolism and crazy detail Albrect Durer 1471-1528 German who studied in Italy- blended northern and southern styles (more full figured, but lots of symbolism, good at Italian arts of perspective, proportion etc…) Best known for copper engravings and woodcuts- did and illustrated bible as well as numerous self portraits Peter Brueghal the Elder 1520-1569 Dutch Not very influenced by Italy- painted the lives of ordinary people (which was unusual) Peasant Dance, Winter Hunt Roger Van Der Wyden Focus on the suffering of Jesus for humanity- to have people recognize his sacrifice and inspire piety Heronymus Bosch 1450-1516 Dutch Master of symbolism and fantasy- surrealistic Often focus on death and torments of hell- reflects confusion of later renaissance. Death and the Miser, Garden of Earthy Delights Hans Holbein 1497-1543 Most famous northern portrait artist. Painted writers and kings revealing the personalities that lay underneath (Erasmus, Henry VIII) Renaissance and Nation Building, the New Monarchs • Parts of Europe began to centralize in late 15th, early 16th century. • France, England, and Spain called the “New Monarchies” which emphasized royal majesty & authority, suppressed opposition (esp nobles) and built nationalism • These will become the “strong countries for next phase of history. • Not absolutist (1600s) or even real “nations” (1700s)but working on it • Reduced powers of nobles through direct taxation, confiscation of land, gunpowder, and standing armies. • Reduced power of clergy, creating professional bureaucracies France • Louis XI (the spider) 1461- 1483. Did much to centralize king’s power (king had only directly controlled land around Paris- ended 100 yrs war under shadow of Burgundians) Louis began to seize burgundian land, and inherited Anjou (wife) doubled size of king’s territory. 1st standing army • Took power from nobles by borrowing $$ from bankers (thereby also creating national debt) • Francis I 1515-1547 A great renaissance king Concordat of Bologna gave him the right to appoint bishops in France • Taille: head tax (direct tax) Spain • Mid 1400s Spain divided into several kingdoms (Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Portugal, Grenada) All Christian except Grenadareconquista almost done. Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united their kingdoms in 1474 and created Spain (Navarre joined, Grenada they conquer- only Portugal stays out) • Reduced power of nobility- created council of Hidalgos, lesser nobles who would owe them. • Most important topic to them was Christianization of Spanish territory. Got church to bring in Inquisition to hunt down heretics, esp. amongst Jews and Muslims. Expelled all nonchristians 1502 • Conversos- people who converted (by force) but that wasn’t always enough. About 150,000 leave Spain. 30-60,000 executed England • 100 years war led almost directly into the War of the Roses 1455-1485, a civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster. • Ends with a new Dynasty- the Tudors in charge- Henry Tudor becomes Henry VIImain goal was to gain power for the king • Court of Star Chamber, used law to confiscate noble estates and fortunes • War of Roses- power goes back and forth between York and Lancaster (who were cousins) Ends with cadet branch of Lancaster marrying York Heiress • Henry VII forbid nobles to have private troops- all military royal • Star chamber tried people in secret w/o jury or ability to question witnesses against you. • Parliament kept power to taxa check on the king Decentralized States: Italy and the Holy Roman Empire Germany Italy • No national identity: 300 Treaty of Lodi created autonomous states with emperor “elected” by 7 most powerful (who pulled a lot of strings) Hapsburgs emperors. • Riechstag- assembly of all the princes • Charles V- inherited HRE and Spain. Sacked Rome during Hapsburg Valois wars. Had to deal with reformation balance of power between Milan, Florence, Naples vs. Venice and Papal States Caught in crossfire of ambitions between Hapsburgs and Valois during 1500s as each tried to expand influence Social Change during the Renaissance Real breaks with Medieval past. Greater education, which improves everything. Humanism is positive change. Study of government and what it ought to be rather than just assuming everything is god’s will etc… Noble Women • Gained better access to ed- and yet…. • Upper class women had even less power than they did • • • • during the middle ages (when men were often gone etc…) became more and more ornamental. Sexual double standard (rape a less serious crime than petty theft) Christine di Pisan Isabella D’Este examples of women who broke Artemesia Gentilesch mold and participated in Ren Pesants Did not change much from middle ages. Nuclear family tradition (could not afford extended) marriage still based more on property/dowry than love Dramatic population growth during this period Technology Printing Press: brought radical change in ability to communicate on wide level. Made propaganda possible- convince people that you are right. Join causes, feel a common identity. Stimulate literacy of laypeople Clocks: learned to measure time- show change needed for business hours etc… more we understand world more power we feel