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Glorious Greece Where are we talking about? We are here Greece is over here Where are we talking about? Mesopotamia- Studied this area! Egypt- Studied this area! Knossos Fresco Trojan Horse Epic Poems by Homer Balkan Peninsula Rise of Greece & Greek Geography Unit 2 Day 1 Climate • Arid, dry • mild climate • surrounded by water – (all Greeks live within 40 miles of the Sea) • volcanic area (unstable) • land – stony. suitable only for • grazing livestock, growing wheat, barley, citrus, dates, and olives no large scale farming Geography • a country in SE (southeastern) • • • Europe from the Balkans into the Mediterranean Sea surrounded by Aegean & Ionian Seas 80% = mountainous – (country is one of the most mountainous countries of Europe) • made up of a peninsula and many islands Early People of Greece • terrain made travel difficult • Because of geography people in early Greece had to be self-reliant & rarely interacted with their neighbors (Many people would be born in, live in and die in the same community without ever leaving) • unifying Greece under one set of laws was • • near impossible Greeks formed city-states *City-State: political unit made up of a city and surrounding lands* Minoans • earliest civilization - Minoan • lived in Crete – (island south of mainland Greece) • frescoes at the palace of Knossos tell us much about Minoan life (importance of the sea, religion) • from 2700-1450 BC • economics: used the sea as a trade route • end of Minoans: invasion by the Mycenaeans, huge volcanic eruption Mycenaeans • Bold sea traders, fierce warriors • • • • and great engineers of Early Greece Absorbed the cultures of Minoans, Egyptians and Mesopotamians Lived on mainland 1400-1200 BC Best known for the Trojan War Homer (not Homer Simpson) • Blind Poet who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey • Told the story of the Trojan War and the journey of Odyssess • Interesting Fact: Trojan War-thought to be a myth until the 1870’s when archaeologist H. Schliemann found evidence of fire and war dating back to 1250 BC Dorians • Invaded and controlled Greece: 1100-800 BC • Dark period-no writing, general decline SPARTAAAAA!!!! Greek Warfare The Phalanx – a massive formation of heavily armed soldiers. required long hours of drilling Shared training created a sense of unity among citizensoldiers. Hoplite soldier • The hoplite phalanx- about 700 B.C. • Differs - disorganized individual fighting of the Dark Ages • well-organized weapon of destruction. • The soldiers stood with locked shields and moved as one, like a tank bristled with spears, across the field of battle. • The panoply (outfit)of the hoplite consisted of a helmet, corselet, greaves, round hoplon or shield, short sword and long spear. • The old-style army had no hope • Every Greek state was forced to adopt it • Before soldiers needed a horse to be part of military which meant you needed MONEY • NOW… some math • no horse needed + metal cheaper = more soldiers The Wars!!! • Persian Wars • Empire from Asia Minor to India… SUPER HUGE and wanted more • Greeks (Ionians) REBEL in 499BC • Athens sends ships to help • Darius gets MAD! Marathon • POINT = Punish Athens – sent huge force • Met at Marathon – Persians outnumber Greeks but Greeks overwhelm Persia and….. • WIN! Victory! • General Themistocles urged Athens to build a navy • Darius dies and… dun dun dun… Xerxes is now KING! Pheidippides • Was a messenger at the battle of Marathon who ran all the way back to Athens (26.2 miles) to tell everyone of the victory. • He gave the message and… died. • Marathons are now named that in his memory. • AND NOW YOU KNOW! SPARTAAAAA!!!!!!!!! • Battle of Thermopylae – YES the movie 300 is REAL! • 300 Spartans stood against the entire Persian force at a narrow mountain pass • Heroic stand • But in the end… the Spartans are defeated The Persians March Forward • Persian march to Athens and burn the city • Athenians escape to safety • Rely on NAVY to finish the Persians! Salamis • NAVYS meet at the narrow strait of Salamis • Athenians badly defeated the Persian forces with their positioning and powerful triremes • Xerxes watched helplessly as his fleet SUNK! • WINNER = GREECE Need to protect the polis • Athens alliance – Delian League • Sparta and Athenian enemies alliance – Peloponnesian League • Fighting began 431 BC – Lasted 27 yrs Sparta – army Athens - navy Sparta captured Athens in 404 BC with the help of the…gasp…. Persians Age of Pericles • 460 – 429 BC Golden Age of Greece • Pericles – Leader/Statesman • Economy BOOMIN! • Athens – Direct Democracy • Council of 500 – selected Pericles cont. • Rebuilt burned city • Created a cultural center – Public festivals – Dramatic competitions – Building programs Battles Who/ When Where Why Outcome Marathon Thermopylae Salamis Peloponnesian Unit 2 Day 4 Glory That Was Greece Intro: • believed in power of the human mind • Were curious & believed in reason • Greek achievements in the arts represented the height of human development in the western world • Were the possibly the world’s first advanced civilization Greek Philosophers • Challenged belief that events were caused by the • • Gods. Instead…used observation/reason to find the causes of events Philosopher=lover of wisdom Ethical Issues • Interested in ethics & morality. • Debated big questions “What was the best kind of gov’t? What standards should rule human behavior?” • In Athens, Sophists questioned accepted ideas. Success more important than moral truth. • Developed skills in rhetoric Socrates • • • • • • • • • Outspoken critic of the Sophists what we know about him is from Plato wrote no books Created Socratic Method Helped others seek truth and knowledge Athenians saw this as a threat to traditions. @ 70 put to trial - accused of corrupting the city’s youth and failing to respect the gods. Condemned to death Drank Hemlock – poison “I am the wisest man alive, for I know one thing, and that is that I know nothing.” Plato “If a man neglects education, he walks lame to the end of his life.” • Death of Socrates left him with a distrust of democracy. • Set up school – The Academy – REASON • THE REPUBLIC –an ideal state – rejected democracy • states should regulate every aspect of it’s citizens lives Ideal Society = 3 Classes • 1-Workers – produce necessity of life • 2-Soldiers – to defend the state • 3-Philosophers – to rule • Philosopher-King=best possible ruler/ultimate authority. Aristotle • Student of Plato • Analyzed all forms of government • Favored rule by a single, strong & virtuous leader. Questioned how people ought to live. Promoted reason as a guiding force for learning. Set up a school – The Lyceum, for the study of all knowledge. University courses based on his work “Happiness depends upon ourselves.” • • • • Architecture and Art • Architecture – create perfect balance to reflect the harmony and order in the universe. • Most famous: The Parthenon Sculpture and Painting • Work looks lifelike and idealistic. • Sculptors carved Gods, • Goddesses, Athletes & famous men showed individuals in their most perfect/graceful form. Poetry and Drama • Developed their own style • Called the classical style Beginnings of Greek Drama • • • • • 1st plays evolved out of religious festivals performed in outdoor theaters Actors wore costumes and masks chorus sang/chanted comments on the action. based on popular myths and legends. Tragedy & Comedy Tragedy • Purpose of tragedies – stir emotions of pity and fear – THE ORESTEIA – Aeschylus – Antigone – Sophocles – THE TROJAN WOMEN - Euripides Comedy • Through ridicule, comic playwrights sharply criticized society. – Lysistrata – Aristophanes And now… my favorite part… The Writing of History Herodotus –“the father of history” THE HISTORIES • He visited lands and collected info. • stressed the importance of research. Thucydides The Peloponnesian War… remember the civil war between Athens and Sparta – he lived through it and described its savagery & corrupting influences on both sides. • showed the need to avoid bias. Both writers set standards for future historians. Day 5 Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Alexander the Great Vocab • Hellenistic Culture: – Blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian cultures • Heliocentric • Assimilated Alexander the Great • Macedonia- city state in north Greece, ruled by King Philip – 338 BC Philip conquered all city-states south – Son= Alexander • Alexander then conquered – Persian Empire & parts of India • Spread Greek culture, absorbed other cultures- – Created Hellenistic Culture Alexander cont. • July 356 BC-June 323 • • BC King at age 20 Conquered- 12 years – Most of Persian Empire – Palestine (Jews) – Egypt • Encouraged troops to • marry foreigners. Unable to conquer India – Heads home Alexander cont. • Struck down age 33 by Malaria – “To the strongest” – who gets the empire? • No one leader strong enough – Empire split into three • Macedonia and Greece • Egypt- Ptolemy • Most of Persia Hellenistic Age • Alexander built cities throughout empire – Mostly named Alexandria • Greek soldiers settled in cities • brought own culture and – local people assimilated (absorbed) Greek ideas – Likewise Greek assimilated foreign ideas • Hellenistic Culture born! The following are advances achieved from Hellenistic Culture School of Thought • Stoicism emerged. • Taught moral standards, – Avoid desires and disappointment – Calmly accept whatever life brought. Advances in Learning • Mathematics – Pythagoras derived a formula to calculate triangles. • a²+b²=c² – Euclid wrote the textbook for modern geometry. Science • Aristarchus developed the theory of a heliocentric (sun center) solar system. • Archimedes applied physics to create the lever and pulley. Medicine • Hippocrates set the ethical standards for doctors. – “help the sick according to my ability and judgment but never with a view to injury or wrong”