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World History
Ancient Rome
Unit 4
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Origin of the Etruscans
• Between 900 and 500 BCE
• Called themselves the Rasenna, the
Greeks called them Tyrrhenioi; the
Romans called them the Etruscans.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
.
• Their land was called Etruria.
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The
Land
of the
Etruscans
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Etruscan Religion
• ___________________________.
• Believed that the destiny of man
was determined by the whims of the gods.
• Believed in prophecy and reading
the signs of nature by augurs.
• Believed in predestination.
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Etruscan Art
• ______________________________________
______________________________________.
• Most famous pieces created out of
terracotta.
• Many murals and frescoes on tomb walls.
• Lively depictions of life—dancing, games,
music, and feasting.
• Pottery at first copies of Greek works.
• Later, created their own bronze pottery.
• Bronze crafts [mirrors, bowls, candelabra].
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Geography and Rome
Rome is located in the center of
the Italian peninsula. This
location helped the Romans
expand in Italy and beyond.
The Apennine Mountains run
down the center of Italy but are
not too rugged.
Fertile plains supported a
growing population.
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_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________.
How was Greco-Roman civilization
formed?
_________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
At the same time, Roman generals carried
achievements of Roman civilization to conquered
lands.
The blending of Roman, Hellenistic, and Greek
traditions produced Greco-Roman civilization.
Trade and travel during the Pax Romana helped
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spread this new civilization.
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The Roman Republic:
In 509 B.C., the ____________________________ and set up a new
government, which they called a republic. In a republic, some officials
are chosen by the people.
In the early republic, the senate dominated the government.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
Little by little, the plebeians, or common people, gained some political
power. These included the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes.
___________________________________________________________.
More than 2,000 years later, the framers of the United States
Constitution would adapt Roman ideas of government, such as the
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senate, the veto, and checks on political power.
3 Important Groups in the
Roman Republic:
• _________________________
• The Assembly of the
_________________________
• The Assembly of the
_________________________
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The Roman Senate
• The Senate was the most powerful
group in the government.
– Composed of three hundred men
– Controlled _______________________
– Controlled political appointments
– Determined ______________________
– Sometimes acted as a court
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The Assembly of the
Centuries
• ______________________________
_____________________________.
• Each century had 100 members
• There were 193 centuries in the
Assembly
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The Assembly of the Tribes
• Made up of citizens grouped into
35 tribes according to ___________
______________________________
• The group was controlled by the
_____________________________.
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Patricians and Plebeians
• Patricians – ___________________
_____________________________.
–The word patrician comes from
the Latin word pater, which means
father.
–This word was also used to
describe the members of the
Roman Senate.
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–Patricians came from
________________________.
–They controlled the government,
army, and state religion.
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• Plebeians – ____________________
______________________________.
– Included freed slaves, peasant
farmers, and dependents of patricians.
– Denied many rights.
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–For many years,
plebeians were
unable to vote, hold
public office, or
become priests.
–They were not
allowed to marry
outside their class.
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Expansion in Italy
By about 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the Italian
peninsula.
Why was Rome’s
expansion in Italy
successful?
•
•
•
•
Skilled diplomacy
________________________________
Treated defeated enemies ___________
Gave _________ to conquered people
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Roman Society:
FAMILY
WOMEN
__________________________
__________________________.
Women gained greater freedom
and influence over the centuries.
Male was head of household and
had absolute authority.
Some women ran businesses.
Most worked at home, raising
families.
EDUCATION
Both girls and boys learned
to read and write.
______________________
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______________________
RELIGION
Gods and goddesses resembled
those of Greeks and Etruscans.
Religious festivals inspired sense of
community.
Romans built many temples for
worship.
Roman Religion
• The religion of Rome was centered around
trying to please the gods.
• Polytheism – ______________________.
• Each god was linked to a particular human
activity.
• Every activity honoring the gods had to be
carried out in the appropriate space.
• Each god has an assigned space.
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• Around 400 B.C., plebeians were
given the right to marry patricians,
run for consul, and be eligible for
priesthood.
• In 287 B.C., the comitia tributa, an
__________________________, was
given the power to make laws that
bound everybody.
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The
Colosseum
• Romans
marveled at
the shows put
on at the
Colosseum,
ancient Rome’s largest stadium.
• Spectators watched
• the slaughter of exotic animals, gladiators
battling to the death, and mock naval battles.
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An Architectural Marvel!
• The Colosseum was an architectural
marvel. Its floor was about the size of
modern football field.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________.
• There, they were protected from the hot
Roman sun by a giant canvas roof.
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Spartacus
• Rome needed workers to
____________________________________.
• The first conquered people were welcomed as
Roman citizens, but after 265bc, many
conquered people were auctioned off as
____________________________________.
• A great deal of the grandeur of Rome was
created by
________________________________.
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• A slave named Spartacus led a revolt
against the Romans 73bc.
• Spartacus built an army of thousands of
soldiers from slaves he and his followers
liberated.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________.
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• The Roman councils sent an army of 40,000
soldiers to _____________________________.
• Spartacus was milled in battle, but six thousand
of his soldiers were taken prisoner and crucified.
• _______________ is a form of execution where
the prisoner is nailed to a cross and left to die a
slow, painful death.
• Crosses stretched for miles along the Apian
Way, one of Rome’s most traveled roadways.
• ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________.
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Pompeii and Vesuvius
• Pompeii was an ancient city in Italy that
became famous by its destruction
following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
• Pompeii became a Roman city in 91 B.C.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________.
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• In the _______________, Mount Vesuvius
erupted violently.
• Hot ashes, stones, and cinders rained
down on Pompeii.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________.
• About three-fourths of the city of Pompeii
has been uncovered by archeologists.
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Decline of the Republic:
______________________________________________
____________________________________________
__
Small farmers no longer needed to produce food
New wealth increases corruption
Farmers flock to Rome and other cities looking for jobs
Greed and self-interest replace virtues of simplicity,
hard work, and devotion to duty
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Civil wars
From Republic to Empire:
Civil wars
Julius Caesar forces the Roman senate to make him dictator.
Caesar institutes reforms to try to solve Rome’s many problems.
Caesar is killed by enemies who feared that he planned to make
himself king of Rome.
More civil wars break out.
Octavian defeats Mark Antony in a struggle for power.
The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus, or Exalted
One, and declares him first citizen.
The 500-year republic comes to an end. The age of
the
Roman empire begins.
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Winning an Empire
After gaining control of the Italian peninsula, Rome began
to build an empire around the _______________________.
• The Romans followed a policy of imperialism,
________________________________________
________________________________________.
• Carthage, Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia
Minor became Roman provinces, or lands under
Roman rule.
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• When Hannibal was born in 247 BCE, his
birthplace Carthage was losing a long
and important war.
• _________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
________________________________.
• However, it had suffered severe losses
from the Romans in the First Punic War.
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Prelude to Hatred
• After Rome's victory, it stripped
Carthage of its most important
province, __________________.
• As a result of this chaos, ___________
______________________, and Rome
used this opportunity to seize Sardinia
and Corsica as well.
• These events must have made a great
impression on the young Hannibal.
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An Influential Father
• Hannibal's people originally
came from the Middle East.
• _________________________________
_____________________________
• Hamilcar took the ten-year old boy to
Iberia in 237 B.C..
• Hannibal and his father (Hamilcar)
crossed to Spain with no army.
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True or False?
• The Romans believed that Hannibal's father
forced his son to promise eternal hatred against
the Romans.
• In fact, it is believed that at age 9 Hannibal made a
promise to his father to _____________________
_________________________________________.
• This might only by an invention, but there may be
some truth in the story: after all, the Carthaginians
had good reasons to hate their enemies.
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• When Hamilcar died in 229 B.C., his son-inlaw _______________ took over command.
• The new governor secured the
Carthaginian position by _______________
_________, among which was intermarriage
between Carthaginians and Iberians.
• Hannibal married a native princess.
• It is likely that the young man visited
Carthage in these years.
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Hannibal Becomes General!
• In 221 B.C., Hasdrubal was murdered and
Hannibal was elected commander by the
Carthaginian army in Iberia.
• The Carthaginian government confirmed
the decision.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________.
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Tensions
• Tensions between Carthage and Rome
were still strong after the first Punic War.
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
• Rome also felt that it was necessary to take
territory from Carthage in order to subdue
Carthage and to expand itself.
• In addition, Rome wanted to control more of
the Mediterranean.
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The Punic Wars
• After 350 B.C. the Romans began
to expand their rule beyond their
city.
– ______________________________
______________________________
– By 275 B.C. Rome ruled much of it.
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• ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
___________.
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• ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________.
• The result was a series of three
wars.
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The First Punic War
• Began in 264 B.C. and ended
twenty three years later when
____________________________.
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• At the Battle of Zama, Romans stampeded
Hannibal's 80 war elephants using
trumpets to scare and confuse them.
Carthage often used war
elephants and trained them to
fight by trampling prisoners
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The Second Punic War
• Began in 218 B.C. and ended in 202
B.C. when Rome defeated Hannibal.
• _________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
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• Between the Pyrenees in Spain and
the Alps in Italy Hannibal had lost
44,000 men.
• Finally in Italy, Hannibal had only
26,000 men (he started with 70,000)
• ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
.
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Defeat for Hannibal
• After the 1st battle in Italy, only one elephant
was left.
• _______________________ killed many
soldiers and animals and caused Hannibal to
lose one eye.
• Brother Hasdrubal came with an army to help
but was defeated - his head was cut off by
the Romans and sent to Hannibal.
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• Hannibal did not attack the city of Rome
because __________________________.
• One of Hannibal's generals said: "You
know, Hannibal, how to fight. You do not
know how to win." __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________.
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The Third Punic War
• Began in 149 B.C. when Rome
declared war on Carthage.
• ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
_____________________________.
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• At the end of the 3rd Punic War,
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
.
• Rome had won again!
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The Roman Empire at Its Height
By 133 B.C., Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt:
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Julius Caesar
• Julius Caesar was one
of the greatest
statesmen and military
leaders that the world
has ever known.
• His brilliant leadership
resulted in many
__________ and helped
make Rome the center
of a region that extended
___________________.
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Caesar’s Accomplishments
Governed the empire
Improved the ______________________
Tried to reconcile opponents by
appointing them to office
Set up colonies (such as Corinth and
Carthage) where poor people
__________________________________
__________________________________
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Stopped dishonest government
practices
Granted Roman citizenship to many of
the conquered people
Planned a way to reorganize city
government in Italy
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Gave free gain only to the people who
really needed it
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Planned the founding of _____________
Planned construction of a _____ across
Isthmus of Corinth
Known as a ________________________
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• Julius Caesar was able to accomplish
many things, but he also made
________________ of some important
Roman leaders.
• In 44 B.C. Caesar was murdered on
the steps of the Senate by a group of
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________.
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• This marked the end of the Roman
Republic and the beginning of the
______________________________.
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Cleopatra
• Julius Caesar found himself in the middle
of a family feud when he arrived in Egypt
in 47bc.
• King Ptolemy XII willed his throne to his
ten-year-old son, Ptolemy XIII, and his
eighteen-year-old daughter, Cleopatra.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________.
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• Cleopatra saw an opportunity to return to power
when she learned Caesar was in Egypt.
• She arranged to have herself smuggled into
Caesar’s suite by wrapping herself in an
ornamental carpet.
• Caesar unraveled his gift to find the former queen.
• The sly Cleopatra impressed Caesar.
• _______________________________________
_______________________________________.
• _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________.
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• The 54-year-old Caesar began a love affair with
the much younger Cleopatra, who gave birth to
Caesar’s only son, Caesarion.
• _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
______________________________________.
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Caesar Augustus
• In his will, Julius Caesar named his
___________________________________
(better known as Caesar Augustus) as
heir to rule Rome.
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• However, when Caesar died, there was a
scramble to gain control of the
government.
• The Second Triumvirate was formed in
43 B.C. __________________________
________________________________.
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• Octavian eventually gained sole power,
just like Julius Caesar wanted.
• He was given the title Augustus, which
means “_________________” in 27 B.C.
• From that time on, he was known as
Caesar Augustus.
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Augustus’ reforms:
• Created efficient civil service to enforce the
laws.
• Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent,
regardless of race.
• Allowed cities and provinces to govern
themselves.
• ______________________________________
______________________________________.
• Set up a postal service and issued new coins.
• ______________________________________.
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• Marc Antony led the Roman army
in Egypt, where he met and fell in
love with Cleopatra.
• Antony and Cleopatra hoped to
oust Octavian and rule together, but
Octavian used the relationship between
Antony and the unpopular Cleopatra to
his advantage.
• He told the Roman people that Cleopatra had cast a spell
on Antony.
• _______________________________________________
______________________________________________.
• _______________________________________________
______________________________________________.
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• Octavian’s forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s
ships in the Battle of Actium on the Mediterranean Sea
in 31bc.
• ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
• When Cleopatra learned of Antony’s death, she
realized she would soon no longer be Queen.
• According to legend, Cleopatra wrapped an asp
around her arm.
• The asp was a venomous snake that was the symbol
for the Egyptian royalty.
• The asp’s bite supposedly ended Cleopatra’s life.
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Roman Empire and Roman
Peace
Augustus laid the foundation for a stable government that
would function well for _________. This period was called
the _____________________________________________.
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Pax Romana
• Pax Romana – the Roman peace, was the
period from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.
• The period of peace was brought about by
the ability of the Romans to rule others and
maintain their authority through an efficient
government both at home and abroad.
• ___________________________________
___________________________________
helped to hold the empire together.
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• _________________ was the strongest tie
holding the peace.
• ______________________ also helped to
maintain the Roman peace.
• Auxiliaries – troops from the provinces that
assisted the Roman army.
– They were promised Roman citizenship at the
end of their service.
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Roman Advances in Literature, History, and
Philosophy:
History
___________________
___________________
__________________.
Poetry
Philosophy
Writers imitated Greek styles in
prose and poetry.
_________________________
________________________.
Virgil praised Rome’s heroic
past in the Aeneid.
Stoics emphasized acceptance
of one’s fate and concern for
the well-being of others.
Poets used verse to satirize,
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or
make fun of, Roman society.
Roman Advances in Art and Science:
Technology
___________________
___________________
___________________
Built many aqueducts
Art
Sculptors stressed
____________________.
Artists depicted life scenes
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frescoes and mosaics.
Science
Romans left scientific research to
the Greeks.
Ptolemy proposed that Earth was
the center of the universe.
Galen used experiments to prove a
conclusion.
Architecture
Emphasized __________
Improved column and arch
Developed rounded dome
Roman Law:
During the Roman empire, these principles of law
fostered unity and stability:
• An accused person was presumed to be
innocent until proven guilty.
• The accused was permitted to face the
accuser and offer a defense.
• ____________________________________
____________________________________
________________________________.
• Judges were expected to interpret the laws
and make fair decisions.
Centuries later, these principles would become the basis
for legal systems in Europe and the Americas.
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Roman Law
• Roman law was an important tie that
bound the empire together.
• Romans published their first known
code of law about 450 B.C.
• This code, The Laws of the Twelve
Tables,
_______________________________
_______________________________
______________________________.
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The laws were inscribed on twelve
tablets which were fastened to the
speaker’s stand in the Roman Forum
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• These laws formed the basis of
individual rights of Roman citizens.
• The laws dealt with:
–Legal procedures
–Property ownership
–_____________________________
–_____________________________
–And marriage customs
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The Law of the Twelve Tables
could be modified and
expanded in two ways:
1. ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________.
2. ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________.
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The concept that certain basic
legal principles are common to
all humans was first developed
during Roman times!
An example is the principle that
people are innocent until proven
guilty.
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Gifts From Ancient Rome
• Rome has made many contributions to our
own society.
– The ___________________ of our alphabet were
given their final form by the Romans.
– _______________________________________
– The names of the months on our calendar also
came from Rome.
– In many areas conquered by Rome, __________
_____________________ became part of the
native language.
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The Teachings of Jesus
Some of Jesus’ teachings were rooted in
Judaism:
 _______________________________________
 Ten Commandments
 Mercy and sympathy for ___________________
 Obedience to the laws of Moses
Jesus also preached new beliefs:
1) Called himself the
_____________________________
2) Proclaimed that he brought _________ and ________
__________ to anyone who would believe in him
3) Jesus also emphasized God’s love and taught the
__________________________________________.
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Spread of Christianity
At first, the apostles and disciples
preached only in Judea.
Disciples began to preach in
Jewish communities
throughout the Roman world.
_________________________________
_________________________________
________________________________.
Paul spread Christianity
beyond the Jewish
communities, to non-Jews.
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The Early Christian Church
________________________________________
_______________________________________.
A bishop was responsible for all Christians in a
particular area called a diocese.
Gradually, some bishops became patriarchs, with
authority over other bishops in their area.
The Christian Church thus developed a hierarchy.
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Religious Diversity in the Early Empire
As long as people honored Roman gods and
acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor, they were
allowed to worship other gods as they pleased.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________.
Rome mistrusted Christians because they refused to
make sacrifices to the emperor or honor the Roman gods.
Roman officials persecuted the Christians. Many
Christians became martyrs, people who suffer or die for
their beliefs.
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The Julio-Claudian Emperors
• The Julio-Claudian
emperors were all
related to Julius Caesar.
• Tiberius was considered
an adequate ruler.
• Caligula was insane and
eventually was
murdered.
• _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
____________________.
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• Claudius ruled wisely and added Britain to the empire.
• Nero, who was hated, committed suicide.
• _________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
• Nero became emperor when his mother conspired to kill
his stepfather.
• _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
___________________________.
• He also killed two wives and
a stepbrother.
• Nero ruled the empire by day, but
at night he prowled the streets of
Rome assaulting women.
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• He believed himself to be the
greatest artist in the empire.
• Never before had a Roman
Emperor appeared on a
stage.
• Many Roman nobles considered
his performances outrageous,
but no one would risk torture
or death by criticizing him.
• ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________.
• As Nero devoted himself to his artistic pursuits, he
lost power.
• _____________________________________________.
• His guard claimed Nero lamented, “What an artist the
world is losing,” then stabbed himself in the neck.
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The Good Emperors
• The Good Emperors ruled Rome
for 84 years.
• ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________.
• Marcus Aurelius defended
against threats from the north
and east.
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• After the death of Marcus
Aurelius, Rome began a long
period of
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
____________________________.
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The Long Decline
• Roman emperors try to end the
crisis in the empire
• ___________________________
contribute to the decline of Rome
• ___________________________
problems lead to the fall of Rome
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The Empire in Crisis
With the end of the Pax Romana, political and economic
turmoil rocked the Roman empire.
Political Problems
______________________
______________________
______________________.
In one 50-year period, 26
emperors ruled, and only
one died of natural causes.
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Economic & Social Problems
____________ to support the
army burdened business
people and farmers.
Poor farmers were forced to
work and live on wealthy
estates.
Over cultivated farmland lost
its productivity.
Two Reformers
Diocletian
Constantine
Divided the empire into two
parts to make it easier to
govern
Continued Diocletian’s
reforms
Tried to increase the prestige
of the emperor
Granted toleration to
Christians, which led to the
rapid growth of Christianity
Fixed prices to slow inflation,
or the rapid rise of prices
Established laws to ensure
steady production of food and
goods
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______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
Foreign Invasions
A ______________ Rome could not withstand the
forces of ________________________________.
The Huns dislodged other Germanic peoples and,
little by little, conquered the Roman empire.
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