Download Ocular disease

Ocular diseases
How important are your EYES???
And how worse the conditions can get?
In what ways “no tears baby shampoo” can help you?
1. pre-orbital eye infections
Anterior Blepharitis
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•
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Targets?
Affects the lid where eyelashes attach
Chronic infection….
S.areus
Clinical features:
Lash loss
Posterior Blepharitis
• Targets? Affects the inner portion of the eyelid
• Clinical features:
• Infection can cause and ‘internal Stye’
DIAGNOSIS
• A slit-lamp examination can
diagnose blepharitis in the clinic.
• Treatment
• Careful daily cleansing of the eyelid edges
helps remove the skin oils that cause bacteria
to grow too much
• use of baby shampoo or special cleansers.
Antibiotic ointments may also be helpful.
Canaliculitis
• Target area: canaliculi
• Clinical features:
a. Formation of gritty casts that obstruct the
lacrimal duct leading to eye watering
b. Nasal lid swelling
c. Chronic conjunctivitis
• Treatment:
• Antibiotics
canaculotomy
Dacryocystitis
• Target area: Inflamation of lacrimal sac
• Culprits: S.aureus
• Symptom:
a. eye watering
b. Pain in or near the tear sac
• Treatment:
• Orbital massage in new borns and antibiotics
in adults
Questions…..
Thank you
Syeda Kashmala Zahra
 Inflammation of the conjunctiva and
inner surface of eyelids.
 Most common ocular inflammation.
 Can be a local infection or part of systemic
infection.
 Allergic
 Bacterial (most common)
 Viral (most common)-Adenovirus
 Chemical
Transmission of Etiologic Agent
 Person-to-person contact.
 Infected objects and water.
Prevention
 Maintain good hygiene and wash hands often.
 Change pillowcases frequently. Replace eye cosmetics
regularly.
 Do not share eye cosmetics, towels or handkerchiefs.
 Handle and clean contact lenses properly.
 Keep hands away from the eye.
 Signs and Symptoms
Viral (Pink Eye)
• Shows a fine, diffuse pinkness of the
conjunctiva.
Bacterial
 Pus production
Diagnosis
 Laboratory investigations are not performed for most
virus caused infections.
 Conjunctival scraping and swabs are taken for Gram stain
and culture ( on blood, chocolate and Sabouraud agar)
 Immunofluorescent staining
 PCR for viral diagnostics.
Treatment
 Depends on cause.
 Allergic conjunctivitis may respond to
allergy treatment.
 Cool compresses and artificial tears
may sooth it.
 Persistent allergic conjunctivitis
may also require topical steroid
drops.
 Antibiotic medication like
eyedrops and ointments.
 Warm compresses.
And He gave you hearing, sight, and hearts that you might give thanks (to Allah} (An-Nahl 78)
THANK YOU
INFECTIONS IN
SPECIAL PATIENTS
POPULATION
WHAT ARE SPECIAL PATIENTS?
Special patients are the people
who have their defense
mechanisms of the body impaired
by any means which leads to
repeated infections of varying
severity in them
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
 Discovered by
ROBERT KOCH in
1992
 Causative agent of
Tuberculosis (TB)
TRANSMISSION
TYPES OF TB
LATENT TB
INFECTION
TUBERCULOSIS
TB DISEASE
SYMPTOMS
SHORTNESS OF BREATH
WEIGHT LOSS
COUGH
FEVER
CHEST PAIN
LOSS OF APPETITE
DIAGNOSIS
 Tuberculin skin test
 Acid fast staining
 Chest radiographs
CHEST RADIOGRAPHS
 Can reveal evidence of active tuberculosis
pneumonia.
TREATMENT
The vaccine is a live
vaccine, derived from a
strain of Mycobacterium
bovis.
It
was
first
administered to humans
in 1921.
THANK YOU
RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS
OROOJ SURRIYA
INTRODUCTION
• Almost all
zoonotic
rickettsial
infections
• Causative agent : Rickettsia
are
TRANSMISSION
•
The arthropods used as vectors feed
on blood or tissue fluid of vertebrate
host.
DIAGNOSIS
Microscopic Examination
• First of all it is diagnosed on the basis of clinical
symptoms
Giemsa staining
• Serological tests :
ELISA
• Molecular biology based detection :
SAMPLE
DN
A
Rickettisia
PCR
Zoonosis
Ameema Tariq
Definition
• Zooneses
are
diseases
of
vertebrate
animals
that
can
be
transmitted
to
man:
either
directly
or
indirectly
through
an
insect vector.
• When an insect vector is involved, the
disease is also known as an arboviral
disease.
• Examples of viral zoonoses that can be
transmitted to man directly include
rabies, hantaviruses, lassa and ebola
fevers.
Reverse Zoonosis
• If the transmission is from humans to
non-human animals then the process is
termed
as
reverse
zoonosis
or
anthroponosis.
Zoonoses
• Does NOT include
– Fish and reptile toxins
– Allergies to vertebrates
– Experimentally transmitted diseases
Zoonoses: Animal Species
BIRDS
REPTILES,
AMPHIBIANS
FISH
WILD
ANIMALS
Psittacosis
West Nile
Cryptococcus
REPTILES, FISH, & AMPHIBIANS
salmonella
mycobacterium
WILD ANIMALS
hantavirus
Plague
Tularemia
Routes of Transmission
INDIRECT
DIRECT
Foodborne
Droplet or Aerosol
Water-borne
Oral
Fomite
Contact
Vector-borne
Environmental
ORTHOZOONOSES
–May be perpetuated in nature by a
single vertebrate species
–E.g. rabies,anthrax
METAZOONOSES
–Require both vertebrates and
invertebrates to complete
transmission
–All arboviral infections
–Some bacterial diseases
–Some parasitic diseases
Metazoonoses
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•
•
•
Invertebrate Host: Mosquitoes
Vertebrate Host: Birds
Incidental Hosts:
HUMANS, horses, amphibians, other
mammals
METAZOONOSES
Zoonoses: Etiologic Classification
Viral
Bacterial
Parasitic
Mycotic
Rabies Virus
Rabies virus particles
RHABDOVIRUSES
G glycoprotein
SPIKES
M protein
lipid bilayer membrane
helical nucleocapsid (RNA plus
N protein)
polymerase complex
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Structure of rabies virus
Diagnosis of Rabies
Negri Body in neuron cell (source: CDC)
Positive DFA test (Source: CDC
Knowledge
sharing
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