Download BIOS 1710 SI Week 9 Session 2 Tuesday 7:05

BIOS 1710 SI Week 9 Session 2
Tuesday 7:05-8:05 Morton 326
Thursday 7:05-8:05 Morton 218
1. Please summarize the origin of species.
a. Observations: populations have the potential to increase exponentially;
populations are fairly constant in size; natural resources are limited; there is
variation within a species, and variation is inherited; geological time is immense
b. Deductions: only some organisms survive, there is a struggle for existence among
individuals in a population; individuals with more favorable variations are more
likely to survive and reproduce; accumulation of variation over many generations
is evolution
2. What did Malthus blame the decline of living conditions in England on?
a. The overproduction of young people, the inability of resources to keep up with
the rising population, and the irresponsibility of the lower class
3. What was Darwin’s logic behind natural selection?
a. Populations increase exponentially, but the growth is not realized until resources
are limited and thus there is a struggle for existence and only some offspring
survive
4. How did Darwin study evolution?
a. Through natural selection in pigeons; selected for feather traits in pigeons
5. What is selection?
a. A process that changes the genetic composition of a population over many
generations
6. What is artificial selection? Give an example.
a. A human choice in the selection of traits in plants and animals in controlled
breeding programs; selected for the biggest chickens
7. What is natural selection?
a. The proposal by which better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and
become the parents of the next generation
8. What are adaptations?
a. Evolutionary modifications that improve the chances of survival and
reproductive success of individuals
9. What are the two facts of Darwinism?
a. Evolution has occurred
b. The process of evolution is through natural selection
10. Give and discuss a real world example of evolution.
a. The peppered moth – light and dark phenotypes, but during the industrial
revolution the environment changes and trees became darker so the moths
became darker
11. How can natural selection be tested in the lab setting?
a. Two groups of fruit flies with a random mix of fast and slow metabolizers and
one is control (typical environment) while the other is exposed to environment is
food spiked with alcohol. After several generations, the group with the spiked
alcohol had 100% alcohol metabolizers
12. True or false: individuals undergo evolution.
13. Describe the characteristics of natural selection.
a. Variation is between individuals and selection acts on individuals but only
populations evolve. It can only amplify traits that are heritable and it is slow
14. What are the 3 major biological theories? Describe them.
a. Cells – all living things are composed of cells
b. Germs – microorganisms cause disease
c. Heredity
15. What is a genome?
a. Complete set of genes or genetic material in a cell or living organism
16. What is a chromosome?
a. Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and proteins carrying genetic data
17. What is a gene?
a. Unit of heredity that is transferred from parent to offspring and is held to
determine some characteristic in the offspring
18. What is a locus?
a. A specific location on a chromosome
19. What is an allele?
a. One or more alternative of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the
same locus
20. What is population genetics?
a. The study of mendels laws, hardy weingberg, and other genetic principles that
apply to populations
21. What are the five assumptions of Hardy Weinberg?
a. Non random mating
b. Infinite population size (no genetic drift)
c. No mutations
d. No genetic migration
e. No natural selection
22. Hardy Weinberg related ________allele frequencies________ to ______genotype
frequencies_________.
23. What equation can be used to calculate genotype frequency?
24. What equation can be used to calculate allele frequency?
25. Natural selection acts on _____phenotypes___________.
26. What are the three types of selection? Draw their associated graphs.
a. Directional
b. Stabilizing
c. Disruptive
27. Natural selection results from _________current environmental conditions_________.
28. What is the heterozygous advantage?
a. Heterozygotes often have intermediate phenotypes which allow them to survive
better