Download chapter 5 motivation and emotion

CHAPTER 7 LEARNING
I.
Learning can be defined as _________________________________________________________
_______________________. In other words, as we learn, we alter the way we perceive our environment
II. ____________ TYPES OF LEARNING
_____________________________- is making an association between two events by repeatedly having
them occur close together in time
A.
Classical Conditioning: Ivan __________ method of conditioning in which associations are
made between a _________________________ and a learned, ___________________________.
1.
Stimulus is anything that will cause _________________________________. (meat)
2.
Response - is the _______________________ the stimulus. (salivating)
a)
There are no special conditions needed for the meat to cause salivation, it is a
natural and automatic response. Therefore the meat is an unconditioned stimulus
and the salivation is an ____________________________ response
3.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)- a stimulus that automatically elicits a response.
(________________)
4.
Unconditioned response (UCR)- an automatic response to a particular natural
stimulus. (___________________)
a)
When the dog begins to associate the sight of the experimenter or the sound
of the bell with food, then the experimenter or bell has become a
_______________________ stimulus
5.
___________________________________ (CS)- is a previously neutral stimulus
that has been associated with a natural (unconditioned) stimulus (experimenter)
a)
When the dog begins to salivate at the sight of the experimenter or the sound
of the tuning fork, then the salivating has become a ________________response
6.
___________________________________(CR)-is a response to a stimulus that has
been brought about by learning
7.
_____________________________________ occurs when a response spreads from
one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original (responding to anyone
who enters the room, not just the experimenter)
8.
__________________________ is the ability to respond differently to distinct
stimuli. (only responding to the original experimenter)
9.
Little Albert experiment conducted by John Watson proved that conditioning of
emotions to neutral objects is possible
10. Extinction the _______________________ of an association over time.
The
conditioned response (CR) will gradually _________________
a)
Ex. Pavlov’s dogs-food was taken away and the dogs eventually stopped
________________________ at the sight of experimenter or sound of bell
B.
OPERANT CONDITIONING: Most learning occurs as a result of some _______________
______________________ taken by the learner. This is called operant conditioning
1.
Operant conditioning is conditioning (learning) that results from one’s __________
__________________________________________________________
2.
B.F. ____________ is best known for his work with the operant conditioning theory.
a)
Believed that how we turn out is a direct result of what we learn from all of
the operations that we make over the years
3.
Reinforcement is something that follows a response and ______________________
the tendency to repeat that response
a)
Two types of Reinforcement
(1)
_________________ reinforcement is something that is necessary
for survival. Ex: food or water
(a) The possibility of getting one of these when you perform an
action is the strongest incentive to learn
(2)
___________________ reinforcement is anything that comes to
represent a primary reinforcer. Ex: money brings us food by buying it
b)
These reinforcements can also be either positive or negative
(1)
Positive reinforcement is when there is a tendency to repeat a
response because it was followed by the __________________________
Something that is ______ by the individual is _________ after the action
(2)
Negative reinforcement is when something that is unpleasant is
_____________________________________ when something is done
(3)
Reinforcement always _________________________ a response,
rather than weakening it.
c)
______________________ reinforcement occurs when after each time a
behavior occurs it is reinforced. The problem with this is that if the creature gets
used to being rewarded and then is not, it will quit doing the behavior
d)
To avoid the problem with continuous reinforcement, there can be different
____________________ reinforcement (different methods of reinforcing) used.
(1)
Partial reinforcement schedule is when a reward is not given each
time an act is performed. There are ______ types of partial
reinforcement schedules.
(a) Variable ratios schedule is when reinforcement occurs
after a ___________________________, but a different number
of the desired acts are required each time. Ex. slot machines.
(b) Fixed ratio schedule is when the reinforcement occurs after
the ___________________________ a specific number of times.
Ex. Getting allowance every 2 times you clean your room.
(c) Variable interval schedule is when the reinforcement
occurs after _________________________________________
if a desired act occurs. Ex. fishing
(d) Fixed interval schedule is when the reinforcement is
received after a ________________________ has passed and the
desired act occurs. Ex. You get allowance every other Friday.
4.
There also is a difference between punishment and negative reinforcement
a)
Punishment is the process of trying to ______________ a response by
following it with unpleasant consequences, not to try and strengthen it.
b)
There are two basic ways to go with punishment
(1)
Something desired can be taken away. Ex. money paid for a traffic
ticket. (THIS IS ALSO CALLED _________________________)
(2)
Something unwanted can be added. Ex. retaking drivers test for
violations
5.
Discriminations, extinction and generalization will occur in operant conditioning just
as they occurred in classical conditioning.
6.
Two techniques can be used to learn complex responses, they will only be used in
operant conditioning
a)
Shaping is the process of ________________________________________
________________________________________________. Ex. of dog jumping
through hoop. First approach hoop, rewarded, jump hoop, rewarded etc.
b)
__________ is the reinforcing the connection between the different parts of a
sequence. Ex. learning how to play basketball you learn how to dribble, then pass
and catch etc. Ex. To divide numbers you must learn to multiply, and subtract etc.
** Present day psychology has moved away from classical and operant conditioning. While both play a
role in learning, they fall short of explaining complex learning processes.
C.
Social Learning: is all learning that occurs in a ___________________.
1.
This was theorized by __________________________, who believed that the most
important aspect of learning was the complex “inner person” who can analyze events and
make decisions before a response is given.
2.
This occurs ______________________ the stimulus and the response
3.
Observational learning is the learning patterns of behavior by _________________
_________________________________________________.
a)
From the parent a child learns speech matters, habits and how to react to
other people. The child will observe and then pattern behavior after that of the
important people in their life.
4.
‘Social learning’ refers to all learning in a social situation; ‘observational learning’ is
one of the processes used for social learning where we watch events, persons, and
situations for cues on how to behave.
D.
COGNITIVE APPROACH TO LEARNING: way of learning that is based on _________
___________________________________________.
1.
With this approach we are able to learn very abstract and subtle things that could not
have been learned through _________________________________________. Ex.
broken mirror, walking under ladder.
2.
Cognition is studied by focusing on how complex knowledge is obtained, processed,
and organized
3.
E.C. ________ is a psychologist who felt that the stimulus-response view of learning
was far to ____________. Animals use what is called a cognitive map to aid in learning.
4.
Cognitive Map is a mental image of where one is located in space. Animals and
people are able to view the differences in things mentally and to remember the changes.
a)
Ex. Rats in a maze form a cognitive map. If they find the exit, they can be
put back in that map and recall the cognitive map to escape
5.
We use ________________, which are methods for solving problems