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Grammar: Parts of Speech
Grammar:
A way of thinking about language.
Noun:
The name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
Proper nouns: capitalized (specific names)
Joe Folsom
Super Bowl Judaism
Common nouns: not capitalized (nonspecific)
person
park
car
meal
Concrete nouns: names of objects (sensory)
Are either Proper or Common: Six Flags garlic fries
Abstract nouns: names of ideas:
greed
hope
jealousy
love
Collective nouns: names of groups of things
United States Vista Eagles team crowd
Singular nouns: names of individual things(one)
actor Canadian bully person
Plural nouns: names of plural things (>one)
actors Canadians bullies people
Pronoun:
A word that takes the place of a noun.
 Pronouns
make language fast.
 Pronouns can be masculine (he, him, his)
 Pronouns can be feminine (she, her, hers)
Subject pronouns
First person:
Second person:
Third person:
Singular
I
you
he, she, it
Plural
we
you
they
 The
pronoun’s antecedent is the noun the
pronoun replaces.
 Pronouns
are not specific!

This causes problems when the pronoun could
refer to several different antecedents.

Example:

The boy and his friend walked home and soon he
stopped to tie his shoe.
Object pronouns
1st person:
2nd person:
3rd person:
Singular
me
you
him, her, it
Plural
us
you
them
Possessive pronouns
A pronoun that is used to show possession
Used as both a pronoun and an adjective
Does not need apostrophes
Possessive pronouns:
my, your, his, her, its, our, theirs
it’s
is a contraction of it is, not a pronoun
 Interrogative
pronouns
Used in a question

who, whose, whom, which, that
 Demonstrative
pronouns
Used to demonstrate

this, that, these, those
 Relative
pronouns
Relates an adjective clause to a main clause

who, whose, whom, which, that
STOP
Reflexive pronouns
Ends in –self or –selves and reflects back to a
word used previously in the sentence
himself, herself, myself, themselves
 Indefinite pronouns
General pronouns that do not have definite
antecedents
anyone, anybody, each, all, someone

 Intensive
pronouns
Is a –self or –selves pronoun used to intensify
the emphasis on a noun or another pronoun
I, myself, agree with that idea.
 Pronoun/antecedent
agreement
A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in
number. If the noun is singular, the pronoun
must be singular too.
Alexander brought the column to a halt; he
summoned his mapmaker.
The soldiers found Archimedes; they did not
recognize the crazy old man.
If Hemingway or Fitzgerald is here, let him in.
If Hemingway and Fitzgerald are here, let
them in.
Subject-Object Pronoun Errors in Sentences
Subject=Before verb
Object=After verb
Me went to school with he.
He went to school with I.
I went to school with him.
 Common

The missing antecedent


No antecedent noun to which the pronoun refers
 He was born in 1895? (he who?)
The ambiguous reference


pronoun reference errors:
Two or more nouns to which the pronoun might refer
 The boy and his friend stopped to tie his shoe.
The ghost demonstration error

Misusing the pronoun this and confusing the reader
 This soon resulted in. . .(this what?)
 The
solution:
Replace the pronoun with a noun.
Some additional pronouns:
It is advisable to think first.
Each person had her own method.
 ADJECTIVE:




A word that modifies a Noun or Pronoun.
Modify means to change.
Adjectives help us to describe nouns and
pronouns more completely.
A noun can do without an adjective, but an
adjective cannot exist without a noun or
pronoun.
 There



are three degrees of adjectives
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
good
Positive
easy
better
Comparative
easier
best
Superlative
easiest
 Proper
adjectives are made out of proper
nouns.


England makes English
Rome makes Roman
English and Spanish are capitalized because they come
from proper nouns
(as opposed to history and math)

 Articles



a, an, the
Articles are also considered adjectives
There are two kinds of Articles:
Definite article: the
Indefinite articles: a & an
Spanish has masculine and feminine articles,
English does not.
 Verb:
A
word that shows actions, being, or links a
subject to a subject compliment

The verb is saying that the noun did something or
that the noun is something.
 Action

Might show simple action


verbs
Verdi composed.
Might show action on a direct object

Verdi composed the opera.
 Linking

Linking verbs:


verbs:
am, is, are, was, were, being, been
Might link the subject to a subject complement.


He is a poet. (Poet is the subject complement)
He was going to study all night. (going to study is the
subject complement)
 Four

Infinitive


going, doing, thinking, dreaming
Past


to go, to do, to think, to dream
Present participle


principle parts of the verb:
went, did, thought, dreamed
Past participle

gone, done, thought, dreamed
 Regular
verbs:
Most verbs make the four principle parts in the
same regular way.
Infinitive present part past
past part
To work
working
worked
worked
To spill
spilling
spilled
spilled

 Irregular
verbs:
Those verbs that are unique and have no pattern.
To shrink, shrinking, shrank, shrunk
To ring, ringing, rang, rung
To break, breaking, broke, broken

 Auxiliary

or helping verbs
In a compound tense, the main verb is
supplemented by an auxiliary or helping verb.

I will have composed a symphony. (the main verb is
composed and the auxiliary verbs are will have)
 Transitive

verb
Is an action verb that acts on a direct object.

The harpoon hit Moby Dick.
 Intransitive

verb
Is an action verb that does not act on a direct
object.

Harpoons flew.
 Active

Voice
Is an action verb that shows the subject acting.

Johnson discussed the problem.
 Passive

Voice
Is an action verb that shows the subject passively
being acted upon.


The problem was discussed.
Passive voice is used often in scientific writing.
 Not: First I administered the placebos.
 But: The placebos were administered.
 Active

Voice:
The meteor struck the ship.
 Passive

The ship was struck by the meteor.
 Active

Voice:
The Literary Society presented Dickens the
award.
 Passive

Voice:
Voice:
Dickens was presented with an award.
 Verbs
also indicate time.
 There are six verb tenses.






Present
Past
Future
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
 They
are called perfect tense because it is
the tense of things that are finished:
 in the past
 in the present
 in the future
 Present

progressive:
Indicates an action still in progress.






Present progressive: I am protesting.
Past progressives: I was protesting.
Future progressive: I shall be protesting.
Present perfect progressive: I have been protesting.
Past perfect progressive: I had been protesting.
Future perfect progressive: I shall have been
protesting.
 Verbs
have moods.
 Indicative

Ordinary mood

I am going.
 Imperative

Command mood

Go!
 Subjunctive

(used with the verb were)
IF mood
If I was going. . .
(Spanish and the soft subjunctive.)

 Parallel
verb tense—sticking to the tense you
are using.
 Not parallel

When Charles Dickens went to America, he gives
many speeches and feels that his trip was
successful.
 Parallel

When Charles Dickens went to America, he gave
many speeches and felt that his trip was
successful.
 Only
action verbs are transitive or
intransitive, active or passive voice.
 Linking
verbs (To be) are not.
Adverb:
A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
 Don’t


“During the first half of the twentieth century
the world greatly changed.”
“During the first half of the twentieth century,
the world changed.”
 Try


overuse adverbs.
to avoid the use of “very”
He was very, very hungry.
He was hungry.
 Adverbs
often show when, where, under
what condition and how.
 When?

Always, earlier, frequently, late, never, now,
often, seldom, tomorrow, usually, yesterday
 Where?

Down, everywhere, here, in, North, nowhere,
out, somewhere, South, there, up, upstairs
 Under


Also, certainly, maybe, not, perhaps, possibly,
out
We are going to the movies and maybe I’ll buy
your ticket.
 How?

what condition?
(most of these end in –ly)
Carefully, commonly, easily, fast, noisily,
quickly, slowly, well
Prepositions: (60+)
A word that shows the relationship between
its object and another word in the
sentence.
 Prepositions show where two things are
located, in relationship to each other.
 Prepositions show relationships of




Time—before, during, after
Kim divorced cousin Kris before marrying Kanye.
Space/Place—in, on, around, over, under, of
Gaga went ga-ga with the meat dress around her




Direction—to, from, toward
Miley went from Hannah Montana to Psycho
Cyrus.
Purpose: for
Transferring memory can be good for you.
 Most
of the time, you shouldn’t end a
sentence with a preposition. It happens
more often now.


“Who is this present for?”
“For whom is this present?”
 Concatenated
(chained) prepositional
phrases—one of the most common patterns in
grammar.
 This

is a chain of prepositional phrases:
Her eyes were of the blue of the sky in the fall in
San Juan.
Conjunctions:
A word that joins two words or two groups of
words.
 Coordinating conjunctions joins equals.
 Memorize these conjunctions (Write down):
and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
 if, as, since, when, because
 However, furthermore, moreover, nevertheless,
accordingly, and therefore
You and I went to the movies.
You can’t pass, but you can fail.
She was right, however, her judgment was flawed.

 Subordinating
conjunctions subordinate.
 They
join something of lesser importance to
something of greater importance.
 Here

are some subordinating conjunctions:
if, as, since, when, because
 Correlative
conjunctions are multiple-word
conjunctions
 Either/or
and neither/nor
 Conjunctive
adverbs are conjunctions that
act as both adverbs and conjunctions
 However,
furthermore, moreover,
nevertheless, accordingly, and therefore
Interjections:
A word that shows emotion but has no
grammatical function.
 The interjection stands alone unlike all the
other parts of speech.
 Interjections are the words that fill action
comic books.

Oh, ugh, oof, wow, yes, no, oops, Bam, Boom.
 Interjections
are often (not always)
punctuated with an exclamation point.
Boom! Pow! Wham! Whee! Ow!
 The
core of every idea is a noun/pronoun
and a verb.
 All
other parts of speech provide
elaborations and variations.
 Parts







of speech, simplified:
Nouns name things
Pronouns make language fast
Verbs make events and equations
Adjective and adverbs adjust nouns and verbs
Prepositions show relationships of physics and 3Dness
Conjunctions combine
Interjections emote