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Transcript
The World of Christendom 500-1300 Chapter 10 Byzantine Empire How the empire changed… 286 CE: empire splits into eastern and western halves 313 CE: Christianity accepted in empire 330 CE: Constantine converted and reunites the empire 395 CE: Empire splits again, eastern half known as Byzantine Empire 476 CE: Fall of the Western Roman Empire 800 CE: Holy Roman Empire established in Rome (in the West) 1054 CE: Christianity splits into Roman Catholicism and Christian Orthodoxy Difference Between East and West East ◦ Used Greek ◦ Architecture had distinct domes ◦ Art was mosaic ◦ Culture more in common with eastern cultures like Persia ◦ Orthodox Christianity ◦ Centralized rule West ◦ Used Latin ◦ Culture more a Germanic/Roman mix ◦ Roman Catholic Christianity ◦ Decentralized rule Why did the Eastern half prosper? Geography: Able to defend its borders East had higher population: more men and supplies for an army Urbanization in the East continued to be politically, socially, and economically strong Strong economy: lucrative trade and productive territory Justinian (527 to 565) Flourished in trade and arts, Constantinople rivaling Baghdad for cultural supremacy Justinian Code ◦ Codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive (based on Twelve Tables) Flowering of arts and sciences ◦ Hagia Sophia: large cathedral that stands today…church turned mosque turned museum ◦ Mosaic art that decorated churches The Church Splits… Byzantium did not consider the pope the head of their church, secular leaders ruled their church Over time disagreements continued over… ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ The sacrament of communion Whether priests should marry Use of local languages in the church Nature of God, as in the trinity Placement of icons during worship The Great Schism: in 1054 the pope excommunicated patriarch of Constantinople, who did the same to the pope Orthodoxy influenced the east while Roman Catholicism influenced the west Comparing Roman Catholicism and Christian Orthodoxy East was more a secular empire with an official state religion, while the West was more a religious empire with submissive political units Unlike their political structures, Roman Catholicism was highly centralized while Orthodoxy was more localized Byzantine GRAPES… Geography: allowed prosperity Religious: Christian Orthodox Achievements: libraries filled with Greek, Latin, Persian and Hebrew texts Political: strong central government, hereditary monarchy Economic: location leads to strong trade (silk from China, artisans of glassware, linen, jewelry, gold) Social: some social mobility in bureaucracy, army, trade or Church, but rare The Height of Byzantium Golden Age during the 10th century (Macedonian Dynasty) Expanding trade with Western Europe Missionary efforts expand cultural influence ◦ Eastern Orthodox spreads to Eastern Europeans such as Bulgars and Serbs ◦ Prince of Kiev in Russia converts in 987 Expansion of empire in Bulgaria, Syria and Crete and Cyprus Challenges to empire Incompetent successors and struggles for power Split in the Church in 1054 External threats: Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor Lacking resources for campaigns against threatening Turks, they turn to the West for help…leading to the Crusades Western Europe Political life in Western Europe after the fall of Rome Legacy of Rome Charlemagne 800 CE The New Kingdoms of the Old Western Empire ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Franks Germanic tribes settle throughout western Europe ◦ Convert to Christianity ◦ Conflict, alliances, expansion Franks ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ United under King Clovis in late 5th c. Germany through Belgium into France Converted to Roman Catholicism When he died, land divided among sons Charles Martel Frankish kingdom helped unify the area under common culture, helping fend off Muslim invasion Martel led revolt against advancing Muslim armies in 732 defeated them at Battle of Tours Founded the Carolingian Dynasty His son Pepin had his succession certified by the pope Charlemagne Crowned by the pope in 800 His empire came to be known as the Holy Roman Empire after coronation of Otto the Great in 962 Different than earlier Roman Empire Marked beginning of empire-building in western Europe, especially with the church ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Charlemagne’s Rule ◦ Focus on arts and education ◦ Rule was not absolute Society structured around feudalism Local lords held power over local territories ◦ Did not levy taxes ◦ Empire divided among three grandsons in Treaty of Verdun in 843 Feudalism Decentralized: no ruler could provide central authority or govern effectively Lords and monarchs awarded land to loyal followers (vassals) Vassals guaranteed their fiefs (land) would be governed, law and justice dispensed, crops grown Sub-infeudation http://ashlinbsocialstudies.weebly.com/quest-3-feudalism-and-government.html Feudal Pyramid ◦ Monarch, powerful nobles, lesser nobles, serfs Feudal nobility served as a military ◦ Armored cavalry known as knights (nobles) ◦ Chivalry: knight was supposed to be virtuous, Christian warrior who was loyal to lord, treat lower classes with justice and gentlemen to women ◦ In reality: code was broken and knights often had violent behavior Manors Basic unit of feudal landholding If feudalism was the social/political unit of Europe, manorialism was the economic unit Included lord’s residence (castle) and peasants’ village Surrounding this were fields of farming and woodland for gathering food and hunting animals A Medieval Manor ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Serfs Not technically slaves, but legally unfree Not allowed to change residence or profession without permission Portion of their crops and livestock had to be given to lord Had to spend certain number of days: building roads, clearing forests, farming lord’s fields Had to pay to use facilities on manor Had to fight as foot soldiers Remnants of Feudalism Outlasted original purpose Serfdom took centuries to disappear, especially in central and eastern Europe Set into place class differences that led to tensions between rich and powerful and poor and powerless The Power of the Church Leader of the Catholic Church was the pope (bishop of Rome) Hierarchy: priests (monks and nuns), bishop, archbishops, cardinals In the West, the church was very powerful and saw itself as superior to kings Heresy, excommunication, and calls for holy wars Ultimate goal: a united Christendom Owned vast amounts of land Control over education, thought and culture Holy Inquisition (1231) Spread of Christianity ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Vikings (800 to 1100) Overcrowding sends Vikings pouring from north in 800s to 1100s Colonized Iceland and Greenland, landed in North America Terrorized Europe, banded them together Impact of Vikings Vikings from Scandinavia ◦ Their attacks prompted nations to centralize ◦ Converted to Christianity and assimilated into common civilization in western Europe because of religion Normandy (1066) and invasion of England Rus and foundation of first Russian state ◦ Opened up trade and revived the economy Crusades Fought by European Catholics against Muslims of Middle East and North Africa from 1095 to 1291 The Crusades Motivations ◦ Religious fervor ◦ Geopolitical conflict between Europe and ME ◦ Europeans’ desire to be more involved in international trade network (Mediterranean to China) ◦ Personal ambitions of wealth and land ◦ Racial and religious prejudice The Spark 1095 ◦ Byzantine Emperor asked for military assistance against Seljuk Turks ◦ Pope Urban II called for Crusade to retake Jerusalem at Council of Clermont Crusaders reached Jerusalem in 1099, butchering almost every Muslim and Jew 1st Crusade a success due to lack of unity among Turks, Arabs, and Muslims Established Latin Kingdoms Jerusalem fell back to Muslims in 1187 Fourth Crusade in 1202-1204 turned into a sack of Constantinople Children’s Crusade failed miserably In 1291, Europeans abandoned last major outpost in ME (middle east) Effects of Crusades Worsening relationship between Muslim and Christian worlds Greater awareness of rest of world in Western Europe Increased knowledge of economic wealth: trade in herbs, spices, foods, and other goods Contributed to myth of knighthood and chivalry European unity and papal dominion New knowledge of: guitar/violin, Arabic numbers, algebra, cotton papermaking, telescope, surgery, preservation of ancient texts Crusades ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Fourth Crusade sacking Constantinople Encouraged trade with Muslim merchants Demand for Asian goods increased Rise of city-states like Venice and Genoa Reintroduced to goods, technology, and culture of outside world Disease (1340s to 1600s) ◦ Black Plague Spread along trade routes from SW Asia Population decreased dramatically = labor shortages and creation of labor saving technology, peasant rebellion and demanding higher wages = weakening of feudal system Anti-Semitism increased & some Christians questioned faith Describe the scene in this painting. Who are these people, and what type of building are they in? This fourteenth-century manuscript painting shows a lecture hall in the University of Bologna, Italy. To the left, behind a tall lectern, sits a lecturer with a long beard and robe. In front of him and to his side are rows of benches and desks where mostly men and two or three women sit in long robes, some of them with books before them. Christianity in Asia and Africa Why does Christianity decline in Asia and Africa? ◦ The rise and spread of Islam ◦ Creation of a large Arab Empire ◦ Emergence of cosmopolitan and transcontinental Islamic civilization Asian Christianity “Middle East” is SOUTHWEST Asia Importance of Jerusalem to 3 major religions ◦ Umayyad Caliphate’s construction of the Dome of the Rock Arab conquest ◦ Versus Byzantine and Persian forces ◦ Many Jews and Christians allowed to practice their faith, but paid a tax ◦ How Christians were treated varied Nestorian Christians of Syria, Iraq, & Persia ◦ Survived spread of Islam but shrank in numbers ◦ Second-class citizens not allowed to spread message Nestorian Christians of China ◦ Spread by using Buddhist and Daoist concepts ◦ Example of syncretism ◦ Withered during Tang backlash against foreign religions ◦ 13th century Mongol rule allowed religious toleration, but this rule was short-lived African Christianity Expanding Islam also threatened Christianity in Africa Egyptian Coptic Christians ◦ Legally inferior and paid tax but protected ◦ Crusades prompt violent anti-Christian pogroms ◦ Small percentage still remained Nubian Christianity ◦ Introduced by and protected by Egyptians ◦ By 1500 hostility nearly eliminated it Ethiopia ◦ An exception to the decline in other areas ◦ Geography helped its resilience ◦ Distinct features Stories traced lineage to Jesus himself 12th c. New Jerusalem and underground churches