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Watford Grammar School for Boys Philosophy, Religion and Ethics Scheme of Work Title: Normative Ethical theories Year group: 12 Term: autumn Weeks 14 (2 lessons per week) Resources: Bowie, Socratic ideas, Oliphant Learning Lesson content objectives Natural law telos & the origins of the four tiers of significant law concept of telos in Aristotle and its religious development in the writing of Aquinas what they are and how they are related: 1. Eternal Law: the principles by which God made and controls the universe and which are only fully known to God 2. Divine Law: the law of God revealed in the Possible activities Read extract from Hobbes Leviathon which describes man in his ‘Natural state’. Explain Aquinas’ view of ‘Good human nature’ and how we are inclined towards the good. Students write a comparison. Read Bowie extract on Natural law to ascertain what an ‘apparent good’ is. Homework ICT Research Monty natural law in Python more detail SMRC Literacy Resources Purpose Life Hobbes Hobbes Key Terms: Hobbes, natural state, apparent good, telos, purpose, 4 tiers of law Bowie Monty Python Aristotle Physics II 3 Aquinas Summa Theologica I-II 93-95 Catechism of the Catholic Church 19541960 Bible, particularly in the Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount 3. Natural Law: the moral law of God within human nature that is discoverable through the use of reason 4. Human Law: the laws of nations Natural law – the precepts what they are and how they are related the key precept (do good, avoid evil) five primary precepts (preservation of life, ordering of society, worship of God, education of children, reproduction) secondary precepts Students to create their own examples. Using info on Sartre (existence preceeds essence) and Aristole’s (4 Causes – esp final cause) students should discuss various views on whether there is a purpose to human life. Watch Monty Python Aquinas the man – His historical and social situation – The Dominican/Fran sican split over the role of human reason and revelation. Dominican use of Natural theology. Use the powerpoint on Natural Law, Essay: Explain the key ideas behind natural law (30) Research Socratic ideas power point Purposes Key terms: Socratic ideas power primary point. precepts, secondary Aristotle Physics II 3 precepts, Aquinas Summa natural law Theologica I-II 93-95 Catechism of the Catholic Church 19541960 Analysis of natural law whether or not natural law provides a helpful method of moral decision-making judgement about something being good, bad, right or wrong can be based on its success or failure in achieving its telos the universe as a whole is designed with a telos, or human nature has an orientation towards the good the doctrine of double effect can be used to justify slides 1-10. To explain and discuss the further aspects of natural law, such as its link to Aristotle, the use of reason. Either use PowerPoint, or one of the textbooks to evaluate natural Law. Does it rely on God? Is it too inflexible? Apply Natural law to sexual ethics to see the counter intuitive answers – e.g. Aids in subSaharan Africa and the denial of contraception Revision Socratic ideas power point Analysis Judgements Key terms: Socratic ideas Decision, Bowie judgement, Oliphant telos, good, human nature an action, such as killing someone as an act of selfdefence Assessment Situation ethics agape ‘The strengths of natural law outweigh its weaknesses.’ Discuss. [40] - Situation ethics the 6 propositions origins of agape in the New Testament and its religious development in the writing of Fletcher what they are and how they give rise to the theory of situation ethics and its approach to moral decisionmaking: 1. Love is the only thing that is intrinsically good 2. Love is the ruling norm in ethical decision-making and replaces all laws 3. Love and justice are the same thing – justice is love Define Agape Examples of agape from Jesus e.g. feeding 5000 Research how Fletcher developed agape Research Research situation ethics in more detail Give students one of the four propositions to explain in a circuit. What does love mean and how can it be applied? Can love be the ruling norm? Find examples in the modern world of the 4 propositions Love Reading examples the Bible New Testament examples in e.g. feeding of 5000 Key terms: agape, Fletcher, situation ethics, Jesus, New Testament Love Ethics Decision making Key terms: Love, decisions, ethics, justice, goal, situation Fletcher, J. (1966) Situation Ethics The New Morality, London: SCM Groundwork of Christian Ethics, London: Epworth Press SCM Study guide: Christian Ethics, London: SCM that is distributed 4. Love wills the neighbour’s good regardless of whether the neighbour is liked or not 5. Love is the goal or end of the act and that justifies any means to achieve that goal 6. Love decides on each situation as it SE – the four working principles SE – conscience what they are and how they are intended to be applied: 1. pragmatism: it is based on experience rather than on theory 2. relativism: it is based on making the absolute laws of Christian ethics relative 3. positivism: it begins with belief in the reality and importance of love 4. personalism: persons, not laws or anything else, are at the centre of situation ethics what conscience is Use Socratic ideas powerpoint to demonstrate Fletcher’s relativist theory of ethics. Definition of AGAPE and 4 working principles. Essay: Socratic Evaluate the ideas claim that situation ethics is redundant in our modern world. (30) Define conscience Find different People Laws Key terms: agape, pragmatism, relativism, positivism, personalism Socratic ideas Fletcher, J. (1966) Situation Ethics The New Morality, London: SCM Groundwork of Christian Ethics, London: Epworth Press SCM Study Christian London: SCM out Conscience Judgements Definitions guide: Ethics, Fletcher, J. (1966) and what it is not according to Fletcher, i.e. a verb not a noun; a term that describes attempts to make decisions creatively Analysis SE of whether or not situation ethics provides a helpful method of moral decision-making whether or not an ethical judgement about something being good, bad, right or wrong can be based on the extent to which, in any given situation, agape is best served whether Fletcher’s understanding of agape is really religious or whether it means nothing more than wanting the best for the person involved in a given situation Debate Silent debate scholars views of situation ethics Key terms: Conscience, Fletcher, judgement Situation Ethics The New Morality, London: SCM Groundwork of Christian Ethics, London: Epworth Press SCM Study Christian London: SCM guide: Ethics, Kant – duty and hypothetical imperative whether or not the rejection of absolute rules by situation ethics makes moral decision-making entirely individualistic and subjective origins of the concept of duty (acting morally according to the good regardless of consequences) in deontological and absolutist approaches to ethics what it is (a command to act to achieve a desired result) and why it is not the imperative of morality Use 3 of the Moral dilemmas in ‘Exploring ethics’ (green ring bound book) p.52-3. In the feedback tease out the difference between consequences and motivedeontology and teleology. Then use Rosenstand ‘moral of the story’ p219 – top 222 to explain the Further Socratic research into ideas Kant’s background Duty Key terms: Consequences duty, hypothetical imperative, deontological, consequences Bowie Oliphant Socratic ideas Exploring ethics Rosenstand Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Chapter 2 Discovering Right and Wrong, Stamford: Wadsworth Approaches to Some Famine Problems’ in ed. Shafer-Landau, R. (2013) Ethical Theory: An Anthology, Chichester: WileyBlackwell Kant – categorical imperatives and 3 postulates what it is (a command to act that is good in itself regardless of consequences) and why it is the imperative of morality based on: 1. Formula of the law of nature (whereby a maxim can be established as a universal law) 2. Formula of the end in itself (whereby people are treated as ends in good will. Also slide 8. Use slide 6 to explain the difference between autonomy (following the good will) and heteronomy. Then either Oliphant 7173 or Bowie 56-57 to explain Duty. Use slides 9+10 to introduce the Hypothetical and categorical imperativesslide 10 has activities. Students to define the two. Summarise What are Socratic strengths and ideas weaknesses of Kant? Command Key terms: Act categorical Consequences imperative, maxim, kingdom of ends Socratic ideas Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Chapter 2 Discovering Right and Wrong, Stamford: Wadsworth Approaches to Some Famine Problems’ in ed. Shafer-Landau, R. (2013) Ethical Theory: An Anthology, Chichester: Wiley- themselves and not means to an end) 3. Formula of the kingdom of ends (whereby a society of rationality is established in which people treat each other as ends and not means) Analysis Kant what they are and why in obeying a moral command they are being accepted: 1. Freedom 2. Immortality 3. God of Learners should have the opportunity to discuss issues raised by Kant’s approach to ethics, including: whether or not Kantian ethics provides a helpful method of moral decision-making whether or not an ethical judgement about something being good, bad, Blackwell the three formulations of the CI and how it is a method for autonomy and testing maxims. Bowie is suitably brief. Discuss how to evaluate ethical theories – using coherence or usefulness. Give students time to reflect upon the benefits/ weaknesses of Kantian ethics over other ethical Revision Ethical judgements Key terms: Kant, analysis, ethical judgment Assessment right or wrong can be based on the extent to which duty is best served whether or not Kantian ethics is too abstract to be applicable to practical moral decision-making whether or not Kantian ethics is so reliant on reason that it unduly rejects the importance of other factors, such as sympathy, empathy and love in moral decision-making theories. Use the Socratic ideas slides from 1420 for the benefits and 21-29 (not 27) for the negatives. Students to summarise in a table. Kantian ethics is very helpful in moral decisionmaking.’ Discuss. 40 Utilitarianism – utility & the hedonic calculus the use significant of utility the of the concept (seeking greatest Socratic Explain what is Further research on ideas Bentham’s ‘Principle of utilitarianism Utility’ – what are the three Pain vs Key Terms: pleasure hedonic Happiness calculus, utility, pain, pleasure, Dialogue Socratic ideas Bentham, J. (1789) An Introduction to the balance of good over evil, or pleasure over pain) in teleological and relativist approaches to ethics what it is (calculating the benefit or harm of an act through its consequences) and its use as a measure of individual pleasure aspects of it. Discuss and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Consequentialis m, egalitarianism and Hedonism as absolute founding ethical principle. In pairs evaluate 2 situations from a Utilitarian point of view. (will need to make up these situations in advance) Using Powerpoint, dialogue article or one of the other text books, explain the Hedonic Bentham Principles of Morals and Legislation Utilitarianism Practical Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Felcific) calculus. Discuss whether pleasure and pain can be measured this way. Are they opposites? Would this include animals? Act utilitarianism what it is (calculating the consequences of each situation on its own merits) and its use in promoting the greatest amount of good over Nonsense on stilts! A critique of Bentham’s ‘Pig’ Philosophy. Ask students what they think the ‘pig-man; fool-Socrates’ quote means. Introduce (using on of the text books or power-points) Mill’s ideas on Quality not just quantity of pleasure and his being less Egalitarian and Essay: Explain the key principles behind act utilitarianism. (30) Consequences Key terms: Pleasure vs. act, Bentham Bentham, J. (1789) pain An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Utilitarianism Practical Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Rule utilitarianism what it is (following accepted laws that lead to the greatest overall balance of good over evil, more Elitist What is better, Opera or Punk? Class votes on which is more pleasurable from a range of pairs, such as Ballet or Ballroom, pleasures of the aristocracy and those of the masses. At the end tell them they are wrong if they disagree with you as a ‘competent judge’ who has experienced both. Apply this to Mill’s theory, by reading/showin g relevant section of textbook. Recreate the pig analogy. Research what Mill rejected and accepted Research Research Peter Singer and preference utilitarianism Pleasures Key terms: pig, Mill, higher, lower, rule Bentham, J. (1789) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation or pleasure over pain) and its use in promoting the common good Analysis of Learners should have the utilitarianism opportunity to discuss issues raised by utilitarianism, including: whether or not utilitarianism provides a helpful method of moral decision-making whether or not an ethical judgement about something being good, bad, right or wrong can be based on the extent to which, in any given situation, utility is best served whether or not it is possible to measure good or pleasure and then reach a moral decision from Bentham Recreate higher and lower pleasures in 2016 Debate Silent debate Brainstorm key for and against Utilitarianism Practical Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Judgements Key terms: Socratic ideas judgements, ethics, Utilitarianism, Mill, Bentham