Universally Preferable Behaviour
... Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof. In taking on this mammoth task – particularly in such a short book – I have set myself some basic ground rules, which are worth going over here. (Most of these will be discussed in more detail throughout the course of this book.) 1. I fully accept th ...
... Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof. In taking on this mammoth task – particularly in such a short book – I have set myself some basic ground rules, which are worth going over here. (Most of these will be discussed in more detail throughout the course of this book.) 1. I fully accept th ...
Mill`s `harm principle`
... That principle is that ‘The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant.’ (68) We may still argue, entreat, and remonstrate with ...
... That principle is that ‘The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant.’ (68) We may still argue, entreat, and remonstrate with ...
From Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 6 (1985) - UNC
... will automatically meet the connectedness requirement since they have only a single principle. Nonetheless, some will run afoul of coherence just by failing to be consistent. Gimmicky monistic theories aside, even simple monistic theories may fail to be coherent. For example a theory which demands o ...
... will automatically meet the connectedness requirement since they have only a single principle. Nonetheless, some will run afoul of coherence just by failing to be consistent. Gimmicky monistic theories aside, even simple monistic theories may fail to be coherent. For example a theory which demands o ...
History of Usury: The Transition of Usury Through Ancient Greece
... during the Middle Ages. Religion is combined with Aristotle’s ideas to influence economic thought on usury during this time period. Citizens involved in trade questioned whether profit was considered moral. They turned toward the Church to address this problem. They looked at Jesus who had his follo ...
... during the Middle Ages. Religion is combined with Aristotle’s ideas to influence economic thought on usury during this time period. Citizens involved in trade questioned whether profit was considered moral. They turned toward the Church to address this problem. They looked at Jesus who had his follo ...
The Formula of the Universal Law
... Humanity as End in Itself (FH): “Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end.”5 Clearly, one cannot murder someone and still treat him as an end in himself. It is evident th ...
... Humanity as End in Itself (FH): “Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end.”5 Clearly, one cannot murder someone and still treat him as an end in himself. It is evident th ...
Introduction
... the king, seduce the queen and become king himself (b) Point: If I can break moral rules when they benefit me without getting caught, what motivation is there for me to accept the moral viewpoint at all ii) Plato’s first answer: we should choose the life of the “unsuccessful” just person because it’ ...
... the king, seduce the queen and become king himself (b) Point: If I can break moral rules when they benefit me without getting caught, what motivation is there for me to accept the moral viewpoint at all ii) Plato’s first answer: we should choose the life of the “unsuccessful” just person because it’ ...
Utilitarianism: objections
... the people we love and much more money giving to charity? This would lead to greater happiness, because people who really need help will be made much more happy by the same amount of money or effort than people who don’t really need anything. There are different ways we can develop this thought into ...
... the people we love and much more money giving to charity? This would lead to greater happiness, because people who really need help will be made much more happy by the same amount of money or effort than people who don’t really need anything. There are different ways we can develop this thought into ...
Duty Theory - Soazig Le Bihan
... Duty Theory: To act morally is to act in conformity of duty and for the sake of duty only. Ex: Friend of mankind vs cold hearted person Objection: What about caring for others? Ex: Your friend at the hospital Answer: True Kantians stick to their guns here: feelings and emotions do not count for bein ...
... Duty Theory: To act morally is to act in conformity of duty and for the sake of duty only. Ex: Friend of mankind vs cold hearted person Objection: What about caring for others? Ex: Your friend at the hospital Answer: True Kantians stick to their guns here: feelings and emotions do not count for bein ...
On the Relationship of Ethics to Moral Law
... reciprocity or re-engagement with the self following the command. Levinas calls my answer to the Other’s command “the saying” (Levinas 2001, p. 183). In answer to the command the subject says, “Here I am!” attesting to the responsibility of the self for the Other. The saying reveals my self to the O ...
... reciprocity or re-engagement with the self following the command. Levinas calls my answer to the Other’s command “the saying” (Levinas 2001, p. 183). In answer to the command the subject says, “Here I am!” attesting to the responsibility of the self for the Other. The saying reveals my self to the O ...
the law of a free society emerges like the laws of
... early, popular, but polemical piece, The Road to Serfdom.8 This work—discussing the dangers of economic decline and the loss of social and political freedom resulting from ideological conflicts and undue reliance on the doctrines of central planning—is still widely regarded as one of the most influe ...
... early, popular, but polemical piece, The Road to Serfdom.8 This work—discussing the dangers of economic decline and the loss of social and political freedom resulting from ideological conflicts and undue reliance on the doctrines of central planning—is still widely regarded as one of the most influe ...
Moral Inquiry - Blackwell Publishing
... implanted certain ends and purposes in human beings by nature, so that all people share certain moral aims. Desire for a goal, even if it is universally shared, does not explain why we are morally required to pursue it. Kant’s theory thus disposes of a pattern of argument, based on the universal hum ...
... implanted certain ends and purposes in human beings by nature, so that all people share certain moral aims. Desire for a goal, even if it is universally shared, does not explain why we are morally required to pursue it. Kant’s theory thus disposes of a pattern of argument, based on the universal hum ...
Artificial Scarcity, Power, and the Italian Mafia - Hal-SHS
... to elaborate such a theory. More specifically, it focuses on the Italian Mafia as defined in the Italian penal Code (article 416 bis), although similar types of organized crime can be found in countries such as Japan, China, and Russia (see Champeyrache, 2007, part five). Mafia-type organized crime ...
... to elaborate such a theory. More specifically, it focuses on the Italian Mafia as defined in the Italian penal Code (article 416 bis), although similar types of organized crime can be found in countries such as Japan, China, and Russia (see Champeyrache, 2007, part five). Mafia-type organized crime ...
The nature of money
... exchange. In short, the question is where is the quality of ‘moneyness’ located? There are, in very general terms, two quite different answers to this question. As Schumpeter observed, there are ‘only two theories of money which deserve the name … the commodity theory and the claim theory. From thei ...
... exchange. In short, the question is where is the quality of ‘moneyness’ located? There are, in very general terms, two quite different answers to this question. As Schumpeter observed, there are ‘only two theories of money which deserve the name … the commodity theory and the claim theory. From thei ...
The Theory of Economic Development
... Rather the contrary indeed: the development of particular industries was justified in terms of their favourable effects on the balance. If, however, we use the term mercantilism in the wider sense in which it has been used by Schmoller and his school and - with much. greater distinction - by Eli Hec ...
... Rather the contrary indeed: the development of particular industries was justified in terms of their favourable effects on the balance. If, however, we use the term mercantilism in the wider sense in which it has been used by Schmoller and his school and - with much. greater distinction - by Eli Hec ...
Ethics for the Information Age - Chapter 2
... and power – Each person may claim ‘fully adequate rights’ so long as they are consistent with other’s claims to those rights – Social and economic inequalities must be associated with positions that anyone can hold and to be to the ‘greatest benefit to the leastadvantaged’ ...
... and power – Each person may claim ‘fully adequate rights’ so long as they are consistent with other’s claims to those rights – Social and economic inequalities must be associated with positions that anyone can hold and to be to the ‘greatest benefit to the leastadvantaged’ ...
Traditional Moral TheoryPosted09
... Treat people as ends in themselves and never solely as means to an end (people should never be simply instruments for my own ends) Act so that you treat the will of every rational being as one that makes universal law (respect for the autonomy of others) Act in such a way that you would have all oth ...
... Treat people as ends in themselves and never solely as means to an end (people should never be simply instruments for my own ends) Act so that you treat the will of every rational being as one that makes universal law (respect for the autonomy of others) Act in such a way that you would have all oth ...
Ethics—The Basics by John Mizzoni
... Disadvantages of Natural Law Ethics 1. NLE does not appeal to atheists and evolutionists, since it presumes a divine Designer of the natural world 2. NLE is theocentric and/or anthropocentric; science supports neither of these views 3. NLE offers no proof for the rationality of the world; perhaps th ...
... Disadvantages of Natural Law Ethics 1. NLE does not appeal to atheists and evolutionists, since it presumes a divine Designer of the natural world 2. NLE is theocentric and/or anthropocentric; science supports neither of these views 3. NLE offers no proof for the rationality of the world; perhaps th ...
Ethical Relativism 2 Kinds of Relativism: ethical relativism and social
... Shaw considers two competing meta-ethical theories, theories that compete with metaethical relativism as the right meta-ethical theory. (I don’t think it’s right to treat Emotivism as a meta-ethical theory on par with Naturalism and Intuitionism, so I have changed the presentation a bit). Relativism ...
... Shaw considers two competing meta-ethical theories, theories that compete with metaethical relativism as the right meta-ethical theory. (I don’t think it’s right to treat Emotivism as a meta-ethical theory on par with Naturalism and Intuitionism, so I have changed the presentation a bit). Relativism ...
Servais Pinckaers: Returning to a Thomisitc Morality of Happiness
... still to come. This insight marks Aquinas’ moral theory as profoundly practical since it seeks coherence in the supernatural order of beatitude, and so also grace, by partially relying on the natural order of human existence. Naturally, such a bold statement requires an unambiguous clarification to ...
... still to come. This insight marks Aquinas’ moral theory as profoundly practical since it seeks coherence in the supernatural order of beatitude, and so also grace, by partially relying on the natural order of human existence. Naturally, such a bold statement requires an unambiguous clarification to ...
Note - Cara Gillis
... o Upshot: As a descriptive account, this interpretation allows me to describe an individual’s morality without endorsing it. IE: The Passionate Vegan When we talk about morality, we aren’t always using in a descriptive sense. This is especially evident when we make moral prescriptions or prohibi ...
... o Upshot: As a descriptive account, this interpretation allows me to describe an individual’s morality without endorsing it. IE: The Passionate Vegan When we talk about morality, we aren’t always using in a descriptive sense. This is especially evident when we make moral prescriptions or prohibi ...
PDF version - The Menlo Roundtable
... agrees that morality is not something that can be defined by a set of rules. Gilligan, instead, says our judgment of what is moral must arise from the situation and from our understanding of care and survival. This seems like a much more practical use of morality. Instead of rigid rules, morality sh ...
... agrees that morality is not something that can be defined by a set of rules. Gilligan, instead, says our judgment of what is moral must arise from the situation and from our understanding of care and survival. This seems like a much more practical use of morality. Instead of rigid rules, morality sh ...
Ethical Egoism
... owners to pursue their own interest of maximum financial gain by capitalizing on what others are willing to pay to pursue their own interest of survival in the wake of natural ...
... owners to pursue their own interest of maximum financial gain by capitalizing on what others are willing to pay to pursue their own interest of survival in the wake of natural ...
9 Deontology*
... The distinction between the agent-neutral and the agentrelative may be introduced by reference to reasons for acting‡. Roughly, someone’s reason is agent-relative if, at base, there is reference within it to her. For example, rational egoism is an agent-relative theory – it holds that each agent has ...
... The distinction between the agent-neutral and the agentrelative may be introduced by reference to reasons for acting‡. Roughly, someone’s reason is agent-relative if, at base, there is reference within it to her. For example, rational egoism is an agent-relative theory – it holds that each agent has ...
Is There a "Higher Law"? Does It Matter?
... squares with the moral law or the law of God." 7 Contrariwise, "[a]n unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law." 8 King's Letter, with its allusion to a "higher law," provides a useful starting point for thinking about the topic of this conference, because it points us toward a ...
... squares with the moral law or the law of God." 7 Contrariwise, "[a]n unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law." 8 King's Letter, with its allusion to a "higher law," provides a useful starting point for thinking about the topic of this conference, because it points us toward a ...
School of Salamanca
The School of Salamanca (Spanish: Escuela de Salamanca) is the Renaissance of thought in diverse intellectual areas by Spanish and Portuguese theologians, rooted in the intellectual and pedagogical work of Francisco de Vitoria. From the beginning of the 16th century the traditional Catholic conception of man and of his relation to God and to the world had been assaulted by the rise of humanism, by the Protestant Reformation and by the new geographical discoveries and their consequences. These new problems were addressed by the School of Salamanca. The name refers to the University of Salamanca, where de Vitoria and others of the school were based.The leading figures of the school, theologians and jurists Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto, Martín de Azpilcueta (or Azpilicueta), Tomás de Mercado, and Francisco Suárez, were all scholars of natural law and of morality, who undertook the reconciliation of the teachings of Thomas Aquinas with the new political-economic order. The themes of study centered on man and his practical problems (morality, economics, jurisprudence, etc.), but almost equally on a particular body of work accepted by all of them, as the ground against which to test their disagreements, including at times bitter polemics within the School.The School of Salamanca in the broad sense may be considered more narrowly as two schools of thought coming in succession, that of the Salmanticenses and that of the Conimbricenses from the University of Coimbra. The first began with Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546), and reached its high point with Domingo de Soto (1494–1560). The Conimbricenses were Jesuits who, from the end of 16th century took over the intellectual leadership of the Catholic world from the Dominicans. Among those Jesuits were Luis de Molina (1535–1600), the aforementioned Francisco Suárez (1548–1617), and Giovanni Botero (1544–1617), who would continue the tradition in Italy.The juridical doctrine of the School of Salamanca represented the end of medieval concepts of law, with a revindication of liberty not habitual in Europe of that time. The natural rights of man came to be, in one form or another, the center of attention, including rights as a corporeal being (right to life, economic rights such as the right to own property) and spiritual rights (the right to freedom of thought and to human dignity).The School of Salamanca reformulated the concept of natural law: law originating in nature itself, with all that exists in the natural order sharing in this law. Their conclusion was, given that all humans share the same nature, they also share the same rights to life and liberty. Such views constituted a novelty in European thought and went counter to those then predominant in Spain and Europe that people indigenous to the Americas had no such rights.