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THYROID GLAND located at _________________________________ two important thyroid hormones (which regulate body metabolism, growth, and differentiation of tissues) __________________________________________ __________________________________________ HORMONES THAT AFFECT METABOLISM Three different glands affect metabolism ____________________________________________ helps regulate body metabolism (glucose oxidation rate) produces three hormones triiodothyronine, thyroxine, calcitonin ______________________________________________ produces parathyroid hormone helps regulate calcium levels in blood and lower phosphate levels _______________________________________________ produces growth hormones and regulatory hormones HORMONES THAT AFFECT METABOLISM Gland Thyroid Parathyroid Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormone Action THYROID GLAND individuals who secrete higher levels of thyroxine oxidize sugars and other nutrients _____________ __________________________________________ When glycogen stores are filled, excess sugar is converted to ___________________________ control of thyroid hormones is accomplished by ____________________ FEEDBACK LOOP... receptors in hypothalamus are activated if the metabolic rate __________________________ nerve cells secrete ______ (thyroid releasing hormone) this stimulates pituitary to release _________(thyroid stimulating hormone) carried by blood to thyroid gland which then releases ___________________________which raises metabolism by _______________________________ ____________________________________by cells high levels of thyroxine cause pathway to be turned ________________, inhibiting release of TRH Thyroid gland also contains ________________________ hormone acting on _________________cells to lower level of __________________________found in blood OH NO! when inadequate amounts of iodine are obtained from the diet, thyroid enlarges, producing a _________. If thyroxine levels ↓’s, TSH ↑’s, and thyroid is stimulated more and more Thyroid cells continue to develop and thyroid _________________ PARATHYROID GLANDS ____________________parathyroid glands hidden within larger thyroid gland Usually nerves or other hormones regulate the endocrine glands with the parathyroid glands being the ________________________________ These maintain homeostasis by responding __________________________________in their immediate surroundings (low calcium levels) PTH raises _______________levels in the blood PTH (parathyroid hormone) also help activate vitamin D. (Low levels of vit D cause rickets!) RICKETS AND GOITERS... Endocrine System Control Feedback REGULATION OF BLOOD CALCIUM calcitonin kidney reabsorption of Ca++ thyroid Ca++ deposited in bones high blood calcium level uptake in intestines Ca++ (10 mg/100mL) low activated Vitamin D bones release Ca++ kidney reabsorption of Ca++ parathyroid parathyroid hormone (PTH) HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (AKA SOMATOTROPIN) Too little = __________ Too much = __________ Released by Ant. Pit. GH increases cell __________in muscle cell and connective tissue by promoting Protein Synthesis (increasing Amino Acid uptake) Promotes fat burning Dec. Levels of GH with age HGH AND CONTROVERSY... Should you take it? GH affects all body cells BUT mainly ____________cells _____________________________bones of jaw, forehead, fingers and toes increase in width, once other bones can no longer increase in length (growth plates fused)