Download Gettysburg: Prelude - Fall River Public Schools

Fundamental Causes of the War
• Sectionalism and states’ rights
• Slavery
• Economic issues
The Dividing Union
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Missouri Compromise (1820)
Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law
Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854)
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Secession
• South Carolina
was first to
secede
• Several other
states followed
soon after
• Virginia
seceded after
the Battle of
Fort Sumter
Seceding states appear in green
The Creation of the Confederacy
• Delegates met in
Montgomery, Alabama
• Formed the Confederate
States of America
• Jefferson Davis elected
president, with
Alexander Stephens as
vice president
CSA President Jefferson Davis
Buchanan’s Inaction
• Believed secession was
illegal, but that acting to
prevent it was also
illegal
• Decided to let the
incoming administration
handle the problem
President James Buchanan
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address
• March 4, 1861
• Promised not to
interfere with slavery
where it already existed
• Attempted to reconcile
with the South
A crowd listens to Lincoln’s speech at the
Capitol building
Lincoln and Fort Sumter
• Confederates demanded that the fort be surrendered
• Lincoln received urgent message from Ft. Sumter’s
commander
• Lincoln faced with dilemma of resupplying Sumter
• Decided to send only “food for hungry men”
Fort Sumter
The War Begins
• Bombardment began on April 12, 1861
• Anderson surrendered to Gen. Beauregard, a close
friend and colleague
Painting depicting
the bombardment of
Fort Sumter
The “Anaconda Plan”
The Union’s strategy:
• Naval blockade
from Louisiana to
Virginia
• Control of the
Mississippi River
Confederate strategy
primarily defensive
Cartoon about the “Anaconda Plan”
Advantages & Disadvantages:
The Union
A Massachusetts factory
Advantages:
• Industry and railroads
• Larger population
• Legitimate government
• Strong political
leadership
Disadvantages:
• Funding difficulties
• Offensive war
• Lack of skilled
military leaders
Advantages & Disadvantages:
The Confederacy
Advantages:
• Defensive war on home turf
• Common cause
• Strong military tradition and
outstanding leaders
Disadvantages:
• Weak economy
• Smaller population
• Ineffective central
government and leadership
Generals Robert E. Lee and
Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
War Aims: North and South
• The North: to preserve the Union
• The South: safeguarding states’ rights, as well as
protecting the South from “Northern aggression”
Abraham
Lincoln
Horace
Greeley
Recruiting Soldiers
• Lincoln called
for 75,000
volunteers for
three months’
enlistment
• Response was
overwhelming
• Union also
encouraged
enlistment with
bounties
New Yorkers line up to enlist
Ethnic Recruitment
• Both sides appealed to
ethnic pride in order to
recruit
• Many nationalities
joined both sides
• Irish Americans among
the most common
An enlistment poster aimed at Irish
Americans
Bull Run
• First major battle of
Civil War
• About 25 miles from
Washington, D.C.
• “Stonewall” Jackson
became famous
• Confederate victory
Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
The Trent Affair
• Union forces seized two Confederate
diplomats from aboard a British ship,
the Trent
• British contended the seizure was an
act of war
• Union eventually released the
diplomats
• Confidence built between the U.S.
and British governments
• Britain refused to support
Confederacy
The San Jacinto
accosting the
Trent
Shiloh
A view of Shiloh after the battle
• Union forces led
by Ulysses S.
Grant
• Confederate attack
nearly wiped out
Union forces on
first day
• Grant
counterattacked
the next day
• Union victory
Ironclads
• Confederates built
the Merrimack
from a sunken
Union ship
• Union quickly
built the Monitor
• Monitor and
Merrimack fought
to a draw in first
battle between
ironclads
A painting of the battle
New Technologies in Warfare
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Minie ball
Submarine
Heavy artillery
Aerial
reconnaissance
• Gatling gun
• Trench warfare
A Gatling gun
A New Union Commander
• McClellan selected as
commander after Bull
Run
• McClellan popular with
troops
• A thorough
administrator
• Overly cautious
Gen. George B. McClellan
Lee Takes Command
• General Joseph E.
Johnston wounded
• Robert E. Lee takes
command of
Confederate army
• Lee proves an able
commander
Gen. Robert E. Lee
Antietam
• Attempt by Lee to invade the North
• Near Sharpsburg, Maryland
• McClellan tipped off to Lee’s plans when a soldier
found secret orders wrapped around cigars
• Single bloodiest day in American history
Artillery Hell, a
painting of
early morning
hostilities at
Antietam
Antietam: Aftermath
• Lincoln met with
McClellan after the
battle
• Lincoln fired him,
complaining that he
“had the slows”
• McClellan replaced by
series of commanders
Lincoln meets with McClellan at Antietam
Alabama Claims
Painting of the CSS Alabama fighting
the USS Kearsage
• Confederates purchased
commerce raiders from
Britain
• Alabama highly successful
in disrupting Union
shipping
• U.S. government demands
compensation from Britain
• In 1872, an arbitration
commission ordered Britain
to pay $15.5 million
Prelude to Emancipation
• At first, Lincoln did not
believe he had the
authority to end slavery
• However, every slave
working on a plantation
allowed a white
Southerner to fight
• Lincoln saw
emancipation as a
strategic issue as well as
a moral one
Slaves on a South Carolina plantation, 1862
Advantages to Emancipation
Lincoln discussing emancipation with his cabinet
• Cause “union” in
the North by
linking the war to
abolishing slavery
• Cause disorder in
the South as slaves
were freed
• Kept Britain out of
the war
The Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln announced
proclamation after Antietam
• Took effect on January 1, 1863
• Freed slaves only in “territories
in rebellion”
A cartoon celebrating emancipation
Dealing With Dissent
• Copperheads
• Led by Rep. Clement
Vallandigham of Ohio
• Lincoln suspends
habeas corpus
Rep. Clement Vallandigham
African American Enlistment
Col. Robert Gould Shaw
Memorial to the 54th
Massachusetts
• Congress allowed black
enlistment in 1862
• 54th Massachusetts
commanded by Colonel
Shaw
• Half of 54th killed in
assault on Ft. Wagner
• Helped spur further
enlistment
Manpower for the War
• Mostly volunteers
• Conscription needed to
sustain troop levels
• In the North, draftees
could hire substitutes or
pay $300 to opt out
An illustrated sheet music cover
protesting the inequities of the draft
New York Draft Riots
• July 1863
• Rioters mainly poor
whites and Irish
immigrants
• Attacked the rich and
blacks over 100 killed
• Felt that if they went to
war blacks would take
their jobs
• Opposed to freeing
slaves
Rioters loot a New York store
The Sanitary Commission
• Poor health conditions in
army camps
• U.S. Sanitary
Commission created
• Purposes included
improving hygiene and
recruiting nurses
• Developed better
methods of transporting
wounded to hospitals
A Civil War field hospital
Civil War Medicine
• Infection often deadlier
than the wounds
• Amputations more
common
• Anesthesia widely used
A surgeon at the Camp Letterman field
hospital at Gettysburg prepares for an
amputation
Andersonville
• Confederate POW camp
in Georgia
• 32,000 prisoners
jammed into 26 acres
• One-third of all
prisoners died
• Superintendent was
executed as a war
criminal
Severely emaciated POWs rescued
from Andersonville
Chancellorsville
• Jackson’s forces
surprised Union
troops
• Confederates won
unlikely victory
• Jackson hit by
“friendly fire” and
died a week later
• Lee pressed on to
Pennsylvania
A painting of the battle
Gettysburg: Prelude
• Lee crossed
into
Pennsylvania
• Sent troops for
supplies
• Confederates
encounter
Union force
outside
Gettysburg
Gettysburg battlefield: view from Culp’s Hill
Gettysburg: Day One
• Small Union force led
by Buford delayed a
larger Confederate force
• Buford held high
ground at Seminary
Ridge
• Buford’s stand allowed
time for reinforcements
to arrive
Gettysburg: Day Two
• Col. Joshua Lawrence
Chamberlain
• Defense of Little Round
Top
• 20th Maine repelled
Confederates and saved
Union position
Colonel (later Major General) Joshua L.
Chamberlain
Gettysburg: Day Three
Artist’s rendition of the battlefield during
Pickett’s charge
• Lee believed Union
lines were still
vulnerable
• Ordered Pickett’s
forces to attack
center of Union
lines
• “Pickett’s Charge”
resulted in over
6500 Confederate
casualties
Impact of Gettysburg
• Confederates lost 28,000
men (one-third of army)
• Union lost 23,000 men
(one-quarter of army)
• Town overwhelmed by
dead and wounded soldiers
• Lee unable to rebuild army
• Turning point of the war
A Confederate soldier lies dead at
“Devil’s Den”
Siege of Vicksburg
Union troops surround Vicksburg during
the siege
• Key to total Union
control of the
Mississippi River
• Several attempts by
Grant to take the city
failed
• Grant barraged the city
for two months
• Vicksburg fell on July 4,
1863
The Gettysburg Address
• Lincoln invited to attend
cemetery dedication
• Everett the principal
speaker
• At the time, Lincoln’s
two-minute speech was
considered great by
some, a failure by others
The only known picture of Lincoln
(lower center) at the Gettysburg
Cemetery dedication
The “Wilderness Campaign”
• Grant came to support
“total war”
• Sought to crush Lee’s
army in Virginia
• Fought in dense forest
near Fredericksburg
• Grant criticized for
taking high losses
• In one battle he lost
7,000 men in one hour
Grant at Cold Harbor during
the Wilderness Campaign
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
• Sherman sought to
break the South’s ability
to make war
• Captured Atlanta in
September 1864
• Led the March to the
Sea from Atlanta to
Savannah
• Took Savannah by
Christmas 1864
Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman
Election of 1864
A political cartoon shows Lincoln and Davis tearing a
U.S. map while McClellan tries to intercede
• Lincoln sought
reelection
• Democrats
nominated
McClellan
• Union victories
helped Republican
campaign
• Lincoln won by
large margin
The 13th Amendment
• Proposed and coauthored by Senator
Henderson of Missouri
• Approved by Congress
in January 1865
• Ratified by 27 states
by December 1865
• Abolished
“involuntary
servitude”
Illustration depicting the Senate debate
over the 13th Amendment
Surrender at Appomattox
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Lee realized his position was hopeless
Asked to meet with Grant
Met in Appomattox on April 9, 1865
Lenient surrender terms
An artist’s
rendition of the
meeting
Lincoln’s Assassination
• On Good Friday, April 14,
1865, at Ford’s Theater
• Shot by actor John Wilkes
Booth
• Booth killed 12 days later
• Vice President Andrew
Johnson became president
• Lincoln was universally
mourned
An illustration of Lincoln’s
assassination
Impact of the War: the Union
• 111,000 killed in action
• 250,000 killed by non-military causes (mostly
disease)
• Over 275,000 wounded
• Estimated cost in today’s dollars: $6.19 billion
Union dead at
Gettysburg
Impact of the War:
the Confederacy
• 93,000 killed in
battle
• 165,000 killed by
non-military
causes
• Over 137,000
wounded
• Estimated cost in
today’s dollars:
$2.10 billion
Destruction in Atlanta after Sherman’s
troops took the city
The Road to Reconstruction
• Lincoln’s assassination led
to rise of “Radical
Republicans”
• Conflict over how to best
deal with the former
Confederate states
• Reconstruction period
brought about great
political upheaval
• South “punished” for
causing the war
President Andrew Johnson