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Fundamental Causes of the War • Sectionalism and states’ rights • Slavery • Economic issues The Dividing Union • • • • Missouri Compromise (1820) Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Secession • South Carolina was first to secede • Several other states followed soon after • Virginia seceded after the Battle of Fort Sumter Seceding states appear in green The Creation of the Confederacy • Delegates met in Montgomery, Alabama • Formed the Confederate States of America • Jefferson Davis elected president, with Alexander Stephens as vice president CSA President Jefferson Davis Buchanan’s Inaction • Believed secession was illegal, but that acting to prevent it was also illegal • Decided to let the incoming administration handle the problem President James Buchanan Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address • March 4, 1861 • Promised not to interfere with slavery where it already existed • Attempted to reconcile with the South A crowd listens to Lincoln’s speech at the Capitol building Lincoln and Fort Sumter • Confederates demanded that the fort be surrendered • Lincoln received urgent message from Ft. Sumter’s commander • Lincoln faced with dilemma of resupplying Sumter • Decided to send only “food for hungry men” Fort Sumter The War Begins • Bombardment began on April 12, 1861 • Anderson surrendered to Gen. Beauregard, a close friend and colleague Painting depicting the bombardment of Fort Sumter The “Anaconda Plan” The Union’s strategy: • Naval blockade from Louisiana to Virginia • Control of the Mississippi River Confederate strategy primarily defensive Cartoon about the “Anaconda Plan” Advantages & Disadvantages: The Union A Massachusetts factory Advantages: • Industry and railroads • Larger population • Legitimate government • Strong political leadership Disadvantages: • Funding difficulties • Offensive war • Lack of skilled military leaders Advantages & Disadvantages: The Confederacy Advantages: • Defensive war on home turf • Common cause • Strong military tradition and outstanding leaders Disadvantages: • Weak economy • Smaller population • Ineffective central government and leadership Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson War Aims: North and South • The North: to preserve the Union • The South: safeguarding states’ rights, as well as protecting the South from “Northern aggression” Abraham Lincoln Horace Greeley Recruiting Soldiers • Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for three months’ enlistment • Response was overwhelming • Union also encouraged enlistment with bounties New Yorkers line up to enlist Ethnic Recruitment • Both sides appealed to ethnic pride in order to recruit • Many nationalities joined both sides • Irish Americans among the most common An enlistment poster aimed at Irish Americans Bull Run • First major battle of Civil War • About 25 miles from Washington, D.C. • “Stonewall” Jackson became famous • Confederate victory Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson The Trent Affair • Union forces seized two Confederate diplomats from aboard a British ship, the Trent • British contended the seizure was an act of war • Union eventually released the diplomats • Confidence built between the U.S. and British governments • Britain refused to support Confederacy The San Jacinto accosting the Trent Shiloh A view of Shiloh after the battle • Union forces led by Ulysses S. Grant • Confederate attack nearly wiped out Union forces on first day • Grant counterattacked the next day • Union victory Ironclads • Confederates built the Merrimack from a sunken Union ship • Union quickly built the Monitor • Monitor and Merrimack fought to a draw in first battle between ironclads A painting of the battle New Technologies in Warfare • • • • Minie ball Submarine Heavy artillery Aerial reconnaissance • Gatling gun • Trench warfare A Gatling gun A New Union Commander • McClellan selected as commander after Bull Run • McClellan popular with troops • A thorough administrator • Overly cautious Gen. George B. McClellan Lee Takes Command • General Joseph E. Johnston wounded • Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate army • Lee proves an able commander Gen. Robert E. Lee Antietam • Attempt by Lee to invade the North • Near Sharpsburg, Maryland • McClellan tipped off to Lee’s plans when a soldier found secret orders wrapped around cigars • Single bloodiest day in American history Artillery Hell, a painting of early morning hostilities at Antietam Antietam: Aftermath • Lincoln met with McClellan after the battle • Lincoln fired him, complaining that he “had the slows” • McClellan replaced by series of commanders Lincoln meets with McClellan at Antietam Alabama Claims Painting of the CSS Alabama fighting the USS Kearsage • Confederates purchased commerce raiders from Britain • Alabama highly successful in disrupting Union shipping • U.S. government demands compensation from Britain • In 1872, an arbitration commission ordered Britain to pay $15.5 million Prelude to Emancipation • At first, Lincoln did not believe he had the authority to end slavery • However, every slave working on a plantation allowed a white Southerner to fight • Lincoln saw emancipation as a strategic issue as well as a moral one Slaves on a South Carolina plantation, 1862 Advantages to Emancipation Lincoln discussing emancipation with his cabinet • Cause “union” in the North by linking the war to abolishing slavery • Cause disorder in the South as slaves were freed • Kept Britain out of the war The Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln announced proclamation after Antietam • Took effect on January 1, 1863 • Freed slaves only in “territories in rebellion” A cartoon celebrating emancipation Dealing With Dissent • Copperheads • Led by Rep. Clement Vallandigham of Ohio • Lincoln suspends habeas corpus Rep. Clement Vallandigham African American Enlistment Col. Robert Gould Shaw Memorial to the 54th Massachusetts • Congress allowed black enlistment in 1862 • 54th Massachusetts commanded by Colonel Shaw • Half of 54th killed in assault on Ft. Wagner • Helped spur further enlistment Manpower for the War • Mostly volunteers • Conscription needed to sustain troop levels • In the North, draftees could hire substitutes or pay $300 to opt out An illustrated sheet music cover protesting the inequities of the draft New York Draft Riots • July 1863 • Rioters mainly poor whites and Irish immigrants • Attacked the rich and blacks over 100 killed • Felt that if they went to war blacks would take their jobs • Opposed to freeing slaves Rioters loot a New York store The Sanitary Commission • Poor health conditions in army camps • U.S. Sanitary Commission created • Purposes included improving hygiene and recruiting nurses • Developed better methods of transporting wounded to hospitals A Civil War field hospital Civil War Medicine • Infection often deadlier than the wounds • Amputations more common • Anesthesia widely used A surgeon at the Camp Letterman field hospital at Gettysburg prepares for an amputation Andersonville • Confederate POW camp in Georgia • 32,000 prisoners jammed into 26 acres • One-third of all prisoners died • Superintendent was executed as a war criminal Severely emaciated POWs rescued from Andersonville Chancellorsville • Jackson’s forces surprised Union troops • Confederates won unlikely victory • Jackson hit by “friendly fire” and died a week later • Lee pressed on to Pennsylvania A painting of the battle Gettysburg: Prelude • Lee crossed into Pennsylvania • Sent troops for supplies • Confederates encounter Union force outside Gettysburg Gettysburg battlefield: view from Culp’s Hill Gettysburg: Day One • Small Union force led by Buford delayed a larger Confederate force • Buford held high ground at Seminary Ridge • Buford’s stand allowed time for reinforcements to arrive Gettysburg: Day Two • Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain • Defense of Little Round Top • 20th Maine repelled Confederates and saved Union position Colonel (later Major General) Joshua L. Chamberlain Gettysburg: Day Three Artist’s rendition of the battlefield during Pickett’s charge • Lee believed Union lines were still vulnerable • Ordered Pickett’s forces to attack center of Union lines • “Pickett’s Charge” resulted in over 6500 Confederate casualties Impact of Gettysburg • Confederates lost 28,000 men (one-third of army) • Union lost 23,000 men (one-quarter of army) • Town overwhelmed by dead and wounded soldiers • Lee unable to rebuild army • Turning point of the war A Confederate soldier lies dead at “Devil’s Den” Siege of Vicksburg Union troops surround Vicksburg during the siege • Key to total Union control of the Mississippi River • Several attempts by Grant to take the city failed • Grant barraged the city for two months • Vicksburg fell on July 4, 1863 The Gettysburg Address • Lincoln invited to attend cemetery dedication • Everett the principal speaker • At the time, Lincoln’s two-minute speech was considered great by some, a failure by others The only known picture of Lincoln (lower center) at the Gettysburg Cemetery dedication The “Wilderness Campaign” • Grant came to support “total war” • Sought to crush Lee’s army in Virginia • Fought in dense forest near Fredericksburg • Grant criticized for taking high losses • In one battle he lost 7,000 men in one hour Grant at Cold Harbor during the Wilderness Campaign Sherman’s “March to the Sea” • Sherman sought to break the South’s ability to make war • Captured Atlanta in September 1864 • Led the March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah • Took Savannah by Christmas 1864 Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman Election of 1864 A political cartoon shows Lincoln and Davis tearing a U.S. map while McClellan tries to intercede • Lincoln sought reelection • Democrats nominated McClellan • Union victories helped Republican campaign • Lincoln won by large margin The 13th Amendment • Proposed and coauthored by Senator Henderson of Missouri • Approved by Congress in January 1865 • Ratified by 27 states by December 1865 • Abolished “involuntary servitude” Illustration depicting the Senate debate over the 13th Amendment Surrender at Appomattox • • • • Lee realized his position was hopeless Asked to meet with Grant Met in Appomattox on April 9, 1865 Lenient surrender terms An artist’s rendition of the meeting Lincoln’s Assassination • On Good Friday, April 14, 1865, at Ford’s Theater • Shot by actor John Wilkes Booth • Booth killed 12 days later • Vice President Andrew Johnson became president • Lincoln was universally mourned An illustration of Lincoln’s assassination Impact of the War: the Union • 111,000 killed in action • 250,000 killed by non-military causes (mostly disease) • Over 275,000 wounded • Estimated cost in today’s dollars: $6.19 billion Union dead at Gettysburg Impact of the War: the Confederacy • 93,000 killed in battle • 165,000 killed by non-military causes • Over 137,000 wounded • Estimated cost in today’s dollars: $2.10 billion Destruction in Atlanta after Sherman’s troops took the city The Road to Reconstruction • Lincoln’s assassination led to rise of “Radical Republicans” • Conflict over how to best deal with the former Confederate states • Reconstruction period brought about great political upheaval • South “punished” for causing the war President Andrew Johnson